Appearance
D&C 132 Contradictions
The claim:
"Many members do not realize that there is a set of very specific and bizarre rules outlined in Doctrine & Covenants 132 (still in LDS canon despite President Hinckley publicly stating that polygamy is not doctrinal) on how polygamy is to be practiced. It is the kind of revelation you would expect from the likes of Warren Jeffs to his FLDS followers... AGAIN, CONTRARY TO D&C 132, THE FOLLOWING SUMMARIZES HOW POLYGAMY WAS ACTUALLY PRACTICED BY JOSEPH SMITH..."[1]
The CES Letter's argument is that D&C 132 is a coercive, Warren-Jeffs-style "rulebook" — and that Joseph Smith systematically violated his own rules. The reader is invited to draw two conclusions at once: (1) the revelation itself is morally suspect, and (2) Joseph couldn't even keep the rules he claimed to receive from God, so the revelation must be a fabrication. Each conclusion has its own response, and both fall apart when D&C 132 is read in full.
This article focuses on the textual contradiction claim — verses vs. practice. The marriages themselves (ages, denials, DNA evidence, the angel-with-drawn-sword stories) are addressed in Joseph Smith's Marriages; the polyandrous sealings and the eternity-only framework are addressed in Polyandry.
Context and background
D&C 132 was dictated on July 12, 1843, in Joseph Smith's upstairs office at his Nauvoo store, with William Clayton serving as scribe. The dictation took roughly three hours and produced ten manuscript pages. The original was later destroyed by Emma Smith; what survives is the copy Joseph Kingsbury made at Bishop Newel K. Whitney's request the day after dictation.[2] The revelation was first published publicly in the Deseret News in 1852 and canonized in the 1876 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, where it replaced the 1835 "Statement on Marriage."[3]
The dictation context matters. Hyrum Smith proposed the revelation be put in writing because Emma had been resisting Joseph's plural marriages. Hyrum told Joseph: "If you will write the revelation on Celestial marriage, I will take it and read it to Emma, and I believe I can convince her of its truth." Joseph replied: "you do not know Emma as well as I do." Hyrum took the freshly dictated revelation to Emma and returned reporting "he had never received a more severe talking to in his life, that Emma was very bitter and full of resentment and anger."[4] The day after the rejection, Joseph and Emma reached a negotiated settlement that involved financial protection for Emma and ongoing emotional repair.[4:1]
Two facts about the revelation's chronology cut against the framing that Joseph composed D&C 132 in 1843 to justify behavior already underway:
The principles preceded the dictation by years. The official section heading states that "evidence indicates that some of the principles involved in this revelation were known by the Prophet as early as 1831."[2:1] The Gospel Topics Essay agrees: "its early verses suggest that part of it emerged from Joseph Smith's study of the Old Testament in 1831."[5] Multiple later witnesses — W. W. Phelps, Orson Pratt, Joseph B. Noble, Benjamin F. Johnson, and Joseph F. Smith — recall the doctrine being taught privately during the 1830s, though most of these accounts are retrospective recollections recorded decades after the events they describe.[6][7] What survives as genuinely contemporaneous documentation is W. W. Phelps's May 26, 1835 letter to his wife Sally — eight years before D&C 132 was dictated — which discusses eternal-marriage theology in writing within the Church's inner circle.[8]
A 2026 stylometric authorship study confirms Joseph Smith as author. Paul Fields, Steve Densley, Matthew Roper, and Larry Bassist applied stepwise discriminant analysis to D&C 132 against the styles of Brigham Young, William Clayton, and other candidate authors. The statistical fingerprint matches Joseph Smith's other revelations — directly refuting the conspiracy reading that Brigham Young or another later figure wrote the polygamy verses to retroactively legitimize the practice.[9][10]
The revelation was dictated in a single sitting at the request of a brother who wanted to convince a sister-in-law. That is not the production process of a years-long forgery committee. It is also not the production process of a comprehensive rulebook — D&C 132 is best understood as a recording of teachings already in circulation, dictated in response to Emma's resistance, not as a freshly minted rule code.
What D&C 132 actually covers
D&C 132's 66 verses are not a polygamy rulebook with a few miscellaneous extras. They cover four overlapping subjects, only one of which addresses plural marriage at all:
| Subject | Verses | Practiced today? |
|---|---|---|
| Eternal marriage / new and everlasting covenant | 1–33 | Yes — every temple sealing |
| Restitution / authority of the prophets / Abrahamic precedent | 1, 28–40, 45 | Yes (sealing authority); plural marriage discontinued |
| Plural marriage rules (virgin, consent, exemption) | 34–35, 41–42, 51–65 | No — discontinued 1890–1904 |
| Personal instructions to Joseph and Emma | 51–56 | Historical only |
The official section heading describes the revelation as "relating to the new and everlasting covenant, including the eternity of the marriage covenant, as also the plurality of wives."[3:1] Plural marriage is one element among several; the eternal-covenant framework is the larger frame. Verses 4, 6, and 15–19 establish that all marriages not sealed by proper authority "cannot inherit my glory" — applying to monogamous and plural marriages alike. Verses 19–20 promise "exaltation in the eternal worlds," "crowns of eternal lives," and "thrones, kingdoms, principalities, and powers." This is the doctrinal heartbeat of the section, and it grounds every temple sealing performed in the Church today, almost all of which are monogamous.[11]
The CES Letter's seven contradiction claims all draw from the plural-marriage subset (vv. 34–66), and most depend on selective quotation that strips away the surrounding text. The remainder of this article works through each claim against the revelation's full text.
Claim 1 — Jacob 2 vs. D&C 132
What the CES Letter stacks together
The claim is that Jacob 2 in the Book of Mormon flatly prohibits polygamy, which D&C 132 then reverses. The CES Letter writes: "This would be consistent with the Book of Mormon prohibition on polygamy except in the case where God commands it to 'raise up seed.'"[1:1] The implied charge is that Joseph created a contradiction in his own canon — and exploited the "raise up seed" loophole to license his behavior.
The verse the CES Letter doesn't finish
Jacob 2:30 — the verse the CES Letter half-quotes — reads in full:
"For if I will, saith the Lord of Hosts, raise up seed unto me, I will command my people; otherwise they shall hearken unto these things."
This is not a rhetorical flourish at the end of an absolute prohibition. It is an explicit conditional clause embedded in the very text critics cite as the prohibition. Jacob 2:23–28 establishes monogamy as the default and condemns the Nephites for "excus[ing] themselves in committing whoredoms, because of the things which were written concerning David, and Solomon" (v. 23). Then v. 30 closes the loop: God reserves the authority to command exceptions when He wills "raise up seed unto me."[12]
The CES Letter's sentence — "the Book of Mormon prohibition on polygamy except in the case where God commands it to 'raise up seed'" — is therefore an accurate statement of what Jacob 2 says. What it presents as a contradiction with D&C 132 is in fact the structure D&C 132 inhabits.
Brian Baird's Mosaic levirate-marriage reading
Brian J. Baird's Interpreter article on Jacob 2 argues that the chapter is best understood within a Mosaic legal context — specifically the levirate-marriage requirement, which obligated a man to marry his deceased brother's widow if she had no heir. That requirement, embedded in Deuteronomy 25:5–10 and operative throughout the Old Testament, was a commanded exception to default monogamy. Baird argues Jacob 2:30 invokes precisely this category: "raise up seed" is the levirate technical phrase, and Jacob's audience would have recognized the verse as preserving the Mosaic exception while condemning the Nephites' attempt to license their own polygamy "by precedent" without divine command.[13]
This reading is more sophisticated than the typical "Jacob 2 has an exceptions clause" framing. It says Jacob 2 isn't merely tolerating exceptions; it is operating within a legal-theological framework where commanded plural marriage was already part of the Lord's order. D&C 132 then explicitly invokes this same framework in vv. 34–35 (Hagar) and vv. 38–39 (David's wives "given unto him of me, by the hand of Nathan, my servant, and others of the prophets who had the keys of this power").[3:2]
What Jacob 2 actually condemns
Two further textual points complete the harmonization. First, Jacob 2:24's condemnation — "David and Solomon truly had many wives and concubines, which thing was abominable before me" — is exegetically difficult on a flat-prohibition reading because Old Testament narratives never condemn David's plural marriages as such. The sin in the David case was the murder of Uriah and the taking of Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11–12), not plural marriage. D&C 132:39 supplies the in-text resolution: "David's wives and concubines were given unto him of me, by the hand of Nathan, my servant, and others of the prophets who had the keys of this power; and in none of these things did he sin against me save in the case of Uriah and his wife."[3:3]
Second, Jacob 2:23 explicitly identifies what the Nephites were doing wrong: "they seek to excuse themselves in committing whoredoms, because of the things which were written concerning David, and Solomon his son." The Nephites were trying to license their own polygamy by appealing to scriptural precedent without divine command. Jacob 2 is condemning unauthorized plural marriage — exactly the category D&C 132:38–39 distinguishes from authorized plural marriage.[14]
The two texts thus sit in clean theological harmony: monogamy as default, plural marriage as commanded exception, and unauthorized polygamy condemned in both. The contradiction the CES Letter constructs requires reading Jacob 2 without v. 30 and reading D&C 132 without vv. 38–39.
Claim 2 — Virgin requirement
What v. 61 actually says
The CES Letter argues that D&C 132 requires plural wives to be virgins, citing v. 61: "if any man espouse a virgin, and desire to espouse another." It then accuses Joseph of violating this rule by sealing to already-married women.
The full text of v. 61 reads:
"if any man espouse a virgin, and desire to espouse another, and the first give her consent, and if he espouse the second, and they are virgins, and have vowed to no other man, then is he justified; he cannot commit adultery for they are given unto him..."[3:4]
The verse describes one specific scenario — a man wanting to add a second wife to a current monogamous marriage where both wives are virgins — and pronounces him "justified" in that case. It is a sufficient condition (if these things hold, no adultery), not a necessary one (only these are permitted). The CES Letter reads it as the latter; the text says the former.
This is not pedantic grammar. The same revelation, twenty-six verses earlier, explicitly endorses a counterexample.
The text's own counterexample (Hagar in vv. 34–35)
D&C 132:34 reads:
"God commanded Abraham, and Sarah gave Hagar to Abraham to wife. And why did she do it? Because this was the law; and from Hagar sprang many people. This, therefore, was fulfilling, among other things, the promises."[3:5]
D&C 132:35 then asks the rhetorical question: "Was Abraham, therefore, under condemnation? Verily I say unto you, Nay; for I, the Lord, commanded it." Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian handmaid and concubine — not a virgin in the bridal sense the CES Letter takes v. 61 to require. The Lord explicitly commends a non-virgin plural marriage as fulfilling the covenant. If v. 61 were a universal "virgins only" requirement, Joseph would have written a self-contradicting revelation in which the same Lord both forbids and commands non-virgin plural marriages — across 26 verses of the same dictation.[15]
The simpler reading is that v. 61 is one prescription within a larger framework. As Laura Harris Hales observes, Heber C. Kimball — with Joseph's approval — married Sarah Noon, a non-virgin previously married woman whose first husband was absent. If v. 61 were universal, Joseph would have been sanctioning a violation of his own revelation in his own apostle.[16] What's actually happening is what the surrounding text (vv. 38–39 on David, vv. 34–35 on Abraham, vv. 64–65 on the Sarah/Hagar pattern) makes clear: the revelation distinguishes authorized plural marriages — given by divine command, performed by those holding the sealing keys — from unauthorized ones. The "virginity" prescription in v. 61 is one scenario in the authorization framework, not the gating condition.
W. V. Smith's verse-by-verse academic commentary on D&C 132, the most thorough scholarly treatment, argues that vv. 61–62 may specifically reference Joseph's situation with Eliza and Emily Partridge — sealings Emma had initially approved and then demanded be dissolved — rather than function as a universal restriction.[17] Craig L. Foster's Interpreter review of Smith's commentary endorses the contextual-prescription reading and emphasizes that the verses operate within a broader covenantal framework rather than as freestanding rules.[18]
The Sarah Noon counterexample as the load-bearing case
The Sarah Noon case is the cleanest internal counterexample. Joseph approved Heber C. Kimball's plural marriage to a previously married non-virgin woman. The same Joseph the CES Letter says was bound by v. 61's "virgins only" reading sanctioned a marriage that — on that reading — would have violated the rule in his own apostle. Hagar reinforces the same point at the level of the revelation's own examples. Both lines of evidence converge on the same reading: v. 61 describes one authorization scenario, not the universal gate.
Claim 3 — First-wife consent
The standard rule (v. 61)
D&C 132:61 includes the consent provision: "and the first give her consent, and if he espouse the second, and they are virgins... then is he justified."[3:6] The CES Letter reads this as establishing first-wife consent as the absolute rule, then accuses Joseph of violating it by marrying women without Emma's knowledge.
The exception (vv. 64–65) — Law of Sarah
The CES Letter does not quote D&C 132:64–65, where the same revelation describes what happens when the first wife refuses:
"And again, verily, verily, I say unto you, if any man have a wife, who holds the keys of this power, and he teaches unto her the law of my priesthood, as pertaining to these things, then shall she believe and administer unto him, or she shall be destroyed, saith the Lord your God; for I will destroy her... Therefore, it shall be lawful in me, if she receive not this law, for him to receive all things whatsoever I, the Lord his God, will give unto him, because she did not believe and administer unto him according to my word; and she then becomes the transgressor; and he is exempt from the law of Sarah, who administered unto Abraham according to the law when I commanded Abraham to take Hagar to wife."[3:7]
The "Law of Sarah" is the first-wife consent procedure. D&C 132:65 explicitly says the husband is exempt from that procedure if the first wife "receive not this law." The revelation contemplates and provides for the exact case the CES Letter calls a violation: the husband proceeds; the wife "becomes the transgressor"; the consent procedure does not block the marriage.
This is not an obscure footnote. It is the verse the CES Letter's argument depends on omitting. Whatever else the exception clause is — and it raises a real problem the article addresses next — it exists in the text the CES Letter is using to argue Joseph's contradiction. Its absence from the CES Letter's analysis is fatal to the "specific rule violated" structure of the argument.[19]
The structural-coercion reading (the genuine difficulty)
Laura Brignone, in By Common Consent, argues that the Law of Sarah only looks like a consent procedure. She writes: "while verse 61 appears to require Emma's consent, verses 52–55 make it clear that Joseph will have plural wives whether Emma says yes or no... If she does not consent to plural marriage, she's a transgressor. If she's a transgressor, he does not need her consent to marry additional wives."[20]
Brignone is right that the structure is procedurally asymmetric. In a real consent framework, refusal blocks the second marriage. In the Law of Sarah, refusal does not block the marriage; it merely transfers the spiritual responsibility. The framework presupposes a male holder of the keys, with the female counterpart cast as the assenting or refusing party. A modern reader is correct to feel the asymmetry; pretending it isn't there does not help.[21] The Abrahamic-test frame in v. 51 — "I did it, saith the Lord, to prove you all, as I did Abraham" — places Emma in Isaac's structural position rather than Abraham's, which sharpens the difficulty rather than dissolving it.[3:8]
This is the steelman of the CES Letter's argument. The coercive feel of the Law of Sarah is real, and the article will not euphemize it. Emma, in 1843, was being asked to consent to a covenant that would proceed whether she consented or not. The question Brignone's argument leaves open is whether the procedural asymmetry is a feature of revelation under a 19th-century covenant frame, or evidence the framework itself is humanly composed. That is the live question. The article does not resolve it; it names it as the genuine difficulty.
Emma's actual consent history (the harder picture)
The CES Letter reduces Emma's experience to "Emma was unaware of most of Joseph's plural marriages, at least until after the fact." The historical record is more textured — and in several specific places, harder than either the CES Letter or the typical apologetic narrative allows.[1:2]
| Date | Event | Emma's posture |
|---|---|---|
| Apr 1841 | Louisa Beaman sealing | Unaware |
| Jul 1842 | Sarah Ann Whitney sealing (Bishop Whitney officiates) | Unaware; Joseph subsequently coordinates a meeting with Sarah Ann conditional on Emma's absence[22] |
| Mar 1843 | Partridge sisters sealed (first ceremony, secret) | Unaware |
| May 1843 | Partridge sisters re-sealed in Emma's presence | Consented at the ceremony[23] |
| May 1843 | Lawrence sisters sealed | Consented at the time |
| May 1843 onward | Lawrence sisters never permitted to cohabit with Joseph; Partridge sisters bitter within hours[24] | Consent partially withdrawn |
| Jul 12, 1843 | D&C 132 dictated; Hyrum reads to Emma | Severe rejection |
| Jul 13, 1843 | Joseph and Emma negotiate | Working agreement |
| 1844 onward | Mixed; Emma alternated between participation and resistance | Complicated |
| 1879 | Last Testimony interview, Saints' Herald | Emma denies plural marriage was ever taught[25] |
Three features of this timeline complicate the apologetic story. The Sarah Ann Whitney sealing (July 1842) preceded any Emma-consent by eight months and is documented by Joseph's own letter coordinating a meeting that depends on Emma being absent — "the only thing to be careful of; is to find out when Emma comes then you cannot be safe."[22:1] The Lawrence sisters were sealed in May 1843 with Emma's consent, but she "never allowed [them] to live with him" — meaning her consent extended to the sealing but not to the cohabitation that would have been its normal expression.[24:1] And Emma's 1879 Saints' Herald "Last Testimony" — "He had no other wife but me; nor did he to my knowledge ever have" — is documentary, contemporaneous to her, and irreconcilable with the marriages she clearly knew about.[25:1][26]
The Gospel Topics Essay summarizes: "Emma approved, at least for a time, of four of Joseph Smith's plural marriages in Nauvoo, and she accepted all four of those wives into her household. She may have approved of other marriages as well. But Emma likely did not know about all of Joseph's sealings."[5:1] Emily Partridge testified: Emma "consented to [the marriage] at the time... [then] she was bitter after that... after the next day you might say that she was bitter."[23:1]
What this consent history does and does not do: it does not support the CES Letter's framing that Emma was "unaware" of "most" marriages with no documented consent; there is documented consent for at least four. It does not establish that the Law of Sarah's procedural framework was satisfied for Emma's case — the Sarah Ann Whitney sealing predates any documented Emma-consent and is the hardest single datum. It does show that the revelation's framework — anticipating both consent and refusal — fits the historical situation more closely than the "Joseph violated his own rules" reading allows. Whether that framework is morally adequate to the situation it anticipated is the question the structural-coercion reading leaves open.
Worth Acknowledging
Emma's experience was, in the Gospel Topics Essay's own phrase, "an excruciating ordeal." The Sarah Ann Whitney sealing without Emma's knowledge, the Lawrence sisters never being permitted to cohabit, and Emma's 1879 denial that polygamy was ever taught are all in the documentary record. They complicate any narrative — faithful or critical — that compresses Emma's consent into a clean four-marriage story. The article will not pretend they are not there.
Verse 56 forgiveness pivot — the textual dimension
The "destruction" passage in vv. 51–55 does not stand alone in D&C 132. Two verses later, the same revelation pivots:
"And again, verily I say, let mine handmaid forgive my servant Joseph his trespasses; and then shall she be forgiven her trespasses, wherein she has trespassed against me; and I, the Lord thy God, will bless her, and multiply her, and make her heart to rejoice."[3:9]
Verse 56 explicitly names Joseph's "trespasses" — language a self-justifying fabricator would not include about himself in his own dictated revelation. The forgiveness, however, is sequenced rather than mutual: Emma is to forgive Joseph first, and her forgiveness is conditional on doing so ("and then shall she be forgiven"). A skeptical reader is right to note that this is not symmetric forgiveness — Emma carries the absolving burden. The honest reading is that the verse acknowledges Joseph's faults while still placing the procedural step on Emma.
What the verse does not support is the maximalist Warren-Jeffs reading that the CES Letter constructs. A revelation crafted as a coercion device does not name the coercer's "trespasses" two verses after the threat. The same revelation that the CES Letter reads as Warren-Jeffs-style menace also names Joseph as needing forgiveness for things he has done wrong. That weighs against the strongest version of the CES Letter's polemic without dissolving Brignone's structural-coercion argument.
Claim 4 — Emma "destroyed"
Verse 54 in context
The CES Letter highlights v. 54: "I, the Lord thy God, will destroy her if she abide not in my law" — framing this as Warren-Jeffs-style coercion uniquely directed at Emma.[1:3][3:10] The reading hinges on three questions: what does "destroy" mean, is the language uniquely directed at Emma, and what surrounds the verse?
"Destroy" in 1828 Webster's
The 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language — the standard reference for American English at the time D&C 132 was dictated — defines "destroy" with a semantic range that includes physical demolition but extends substantially further: "To pull down; to separate the parts of an edifice... to ruin... to bring to naught; to annihilate." The first meaning is structural demolition; the entry continues into senses of ruin, annulment, and "causing it to cease to be."[27]
This is not whitewashing. It is correction of an anachronism. "Destroy" in 1843 KJV-influenced revelatory English had broader semantic range than it has in 2026 English. Modern readers hear "destroyed" through the lens of physical violence, especially against women — a connotation that did not carry the same load in 1843. Compare D&C 132:26: those who break the covenant "shall be destroyed in the flesh, and shall be delivered unto the buffetings of Satan." The destruction is not physical execution — it is a spiritual category involving covenant cessation and post-mortal consequences.[28]
That reading is reinforced by the Lord's own commentary on similar language. In D&C 19:6–11, the Lord explicitly clarifies that "endless torment" doesn't mean torment without end — verses 6–7 frame the language as "more express than other scriptures, that it might work upon the hearts of the children of men, altogether for my name's glory," and verse 10 then explains: "Endless is my name. Wherefore, eternal punishment is God's punishment." Severe revelatory language carries spiritual rather than literal weight by design.[29]
The Webster's argument addresses a specific narrower point: that "destroy" in 1843 revelatory English does not map onto a Warren-Jeffs threat of physical execution. That correction stands. It does not soften the structural-coercion reading addressed in Claim 3 — the deeper question of whether the procedural asymmetry is acceptable regardless of how "destroy" is parsed is independent.
The same warning issued universally
The destructive language is not uniquely directed at Emma. It appears throughout D&C 132 with universal application:
| Verse | Who is warned | What for |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Joseph and "ye" generally | Not abiding the covenant ("damned") |
| 14 | Anyone | Things "not by me shall be shaken and destroyed" |
| 18 | Marriages without proper sealing | "Cannot inherit my glory" |
| 26 | Anyone who breaks the covenant ("he or she") | "Destroyed in the flesh" / "buffetings of Satan" |
| 41–42 | Plural wives who commit adultery | "Destroyed" |
| 52 | Plural wives who deceive about their purity | "Destroyed" |
| 54 | Emma if she "abide not" | "Destroyed" |
| 64 | Any wife refusing the law | "Destroyed" |
The destruction language is structural to the covenant, applied across the revelation to men and women alike. This symmetric distribution of covenant consequences does not make the procedural step (the husband-asks-the-wife-to-administer mechanism) symmetric. Both observations are true; neither dissolves the other.[28:1]
Claim 5 — Polygamy preceded the formal revelation
The 1843 dictation context
The CES Letter's chronological argument: D&C 132 was dictated July 1843; the sealing keys were restored April 3, 1836; Joseph was practicing polygamy in the mid-1830s; therefore Joseph's earliest plural marriages were unauthorized by any theological framework, and "Joseph's 'marriage' to Fanny Alger in 1833 was illegal under both the laws of the land and under any theory of divine authority; it was adultery."[1:4]
Pre-1843 origins — date-stamping the evidence
The argument requires assuming D&C 132 was the originating revelation rather than the recording of a doctrine taught for years prior. The historical record places the doctrine's origins earlier than the 1843 dictation, but the strength of the evidence varies sharply by date:
1831 Old Testament study (retrospective). The official section heading: "evidence indicates that some of the principles involved in this revelation were known by the Prophet as early as 1831." The Gospel Topics Essay: "its early verses suggest that part of it emerged from Joseph Smith's study of the Old Testament in 1831." The first verse of D&C 132 itself frames the revelation as a response to Joseph's question about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, David, and Solomon.[2:2][5:2][3:11] These are official summaries; the underlying primary evidence is largely retrospective.
W. W. Phelps to Brigham Young (1861) and Joseph F. Smith (1886), recalling 1831. Phelps reported decades after the fact that on July 17, 1831, the Lord told Joseph: "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites."[6:1] Joseph F. Smith later (1886): "The great and glorious principle of plural marriage was first revealed to Joseph Smith in 1831, but being forbidden to make it public... he confided the facts to only a very few of his intimate associates."[6:2] Both are 30- to 50-year-later recollections, not contemporaneous documents.
Orson Pratt, Joseph B. Noble, Benjamin F. Johnson — all retrospective. Pratt: "In the fore part of the year 1832, Joseph told individuals... the principle of taking more wives than one is a true principle, but the time had not yet come for it to be practiced."[7:1] Noble (1883): the doctrine was revealed "while he was engaged on the work of translation of the scriptures" but "the time for the practice of that principle had not arrived."[7:2] Johnson recalled learning in 1835 that "the ancient order of plural marriage was again to be practiced by the Church."[30] All from accounts recorded decades after the events.
W. W. Phelps to Sally, May 26 and September 16, 1835 (genuinely contemporaneous). "A new idea, Sally, if you and I continue faithful to the end, we are certain to be one in the Lord throughout eternity; this is one of the most glorious consolations we can have in the flesh." His September 16, 1835 letter extended the doctrine: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come, according to the law of the celestial kingdom."[8:1][31] These are written, dated documents from the Church's inner circle in 1835 discussing eternal-marriage theology — predating the August 1835 D&C 101:4 statement by months and the D&C 132 dictation by eight years. This is the strongest pre-1843 anchor in the documentary record.
The honest reading: the 1831 origins claim depends substantially on retrospective accounts. The 1835 evidence is contemporaneous and documented. The doctrine was being discussed in the Church's inner circle by 1835 in writing; whether it was being discussed earlier rests on later recollections that may be reliable but cannot be independently verified.
Practice before formalization
Even on the conservative reading — doctrine documented in writing by 1835 — the eight-year gap between contemporaneous documentation and the 1843 dictation fits the broader Restoration pattern rather than contradicting it. The Word of Wisdom (D&C 89, 1833) was revealed before it became broadly enforced. Kirtland and Nauvoo temple endowment elements were taught privately before being formalized in official writing. Joseph received the principle of baptism for the dead at the August 1840 funeral of Seymour Brunson before the practice was formalized in D&C 124:29–36 (January 1841) and D&C 127–128 (1842).[5:3] Distinguishing between teaching the principle, practicing the principle, and recording the revelation in writing for canonization is normal Restoration practice, not a special pleading invented for D&C 132.
The Fanny Alger question
The Fanny Alger relationship — placed by primary sources in late 1835 or early 1836, though some accounts argue 1833 — is genuinely thinly documented and is treated more fully in Joseph Smith's Marriages. For the textual-contradiction question relevant here, two points matter:
Mosiah Hancock's account places the ceremony "late 1835 or early 1836." Benjamin F. Johnson's 1835 reference and the proximity to the April 3, 1836 sealing-keys restoration (D&C 110) place the relationship clustered around the time the keys were restored, not five years before — though the dating is genuinely contested.[32][33]
The Hales-Quinn dialogue treats the authority question. D. Michael Quinn argued for an authority gap between Joseph's earliest plural marriages and the April 3, 1836 sealing keys. Hales argued the Fanny Alger relationship may have been a plural marriage rather than an eternal sealing — using Melchizedek priesthood marriage authority that did not require the keys restored at Kirtland. Neither position is closed; the dialogue is the closest thing to a peer debate and is the model for how the question should be engaged.[34]
Bushman's Rough Stone Rolling line that "There is evidence that Joseph was a polygamist by 1835" is sometimes cited as if it cleanly endorsed the multi-stage development reading. Bushman's actual passage is more uncertain — he walks through the documentary problems (late-recollection testimony, ambiguity about whether a ceremony occurred, Cowdery's "dirty, nasty, filthy" line) and concludes that "the documentary record points to something, and the something is unclear."[35] The article's use of Bushman should reflect that uncertainty: he is consistent with the multi-stage reading, not endorsing it as clearly demonstrated.
The honest concession: D&C 132 is not the originating revelation for Joseph's plural marriage practice. It is a recording, dictated retroactively, of a doctrine taught and practiced over a period of years. That fact does not prove fabrication. It is consistent with a doctrine received progressively, lived imperfectly, and formalized in writing only when Hyrum needed something he could put in front of Emma.
Claim 6 — The 1835 D&C statement on marriage
Cowdery's authorship
The 1835 Doctrine and Covenants contained a "Statement on Marriage" (Section 101 in that edition; usually quoted as 101:4) that explicitly disavowed polygamy:
"Inasmuch as this Church of Christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy: we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife; and one woman, but one husband, except in case of death, when either is at liberty to marry again."[36]
The CES Letter cites this as evidence Joseph was publicly contradicting his secret practice. The statement is accurately quoted; the question is who wrote it.
The Joseph Smith Papers' editorial introduction states: "The authorship of the statement is unclear, but it has generally been attributed to Oliver Cowdery."[36:1] W. W. Phelps may have been involved alongside Cowdery; both were involved in printing the 1835 D&C. The authorship attribution is not a faithful apologetic; it is the conclusion of the Church History Department's editorial team after manuscript review.
Joseph in Michigan when adopted
The Joseph Smith Papers further documents: "JS was in Michigan Territory with Frederick G. Williams at the time. He did not return until 23 August 1835." The August 17, 1835 conference accepted the marriage statement and a separate priesthood-government statement "to be 'attached to the book.'" Joseph returned six days after the conference adopted it.[36:2] He was therefore not present when it was read, voted on, or accepted.
Brigham Young's recollection
Brigham Young, in an 1869 statement, said: "Cowdry wrote it, and incisted on its being incerted in the Book of D.&C. contrary to the thrice expressed wish and refusal of the Prophet Jos. Smith."[36:3] Joseph F. Smith later (1878) added: Cowdery "abused the confidence imposed in him" by publishing "an article on marriage, which was carefully worded, and afterwards found its way into the Doctrine and Covenants without authority."[36:4]
Recent scholarship by Cheryl L. Bruno and Michelle B. Stone has questioned how reliable Joseph F. Smith's affidavit-shaped accounts of early plural marriage history are. Their Journal of Mormon Polygamy analysis of the William Clayton affidavits argues that Joseph F. Smith curated and sometimes shaped these later attestations to serve a particular narrative. That counsels caution about treating the Brigham Young / Joseph F. Smith later attestations as unmediated documentary evidence of Joseph Smith's contemporaneous opinion of the 1835 statement.[37]
Why Joseph retained it (the genuine difficulty)
This is where the steelman case is harder than the CES Letter's. The "Cowdery wrote it" defense is workable for the document's origin. It explains nothing about its retention. Joseph was Church president from 1835 until his death in 1844. The 1835 statement remained in canon throughout. He did not publicly amend or retract it during those nine years — even after polygamy was an open secret among Nauvoo insiders.
Two further facts sharpen the difficulty. The October 1842 Times and Seasons affidavit had 31 witnesses sign a declaration pointing to the 1835 D&C 101:4 — "we know of no other rule or system of marriage than the one published from the Book of Doctrine and Covenants, page 251."[38] Several signers were themselves secret polygamists: Eliza R. Snow had been sealed to Joseph three months earlier (June 29, 1842); Sarah Ann Whitney had been sealed to Joseph the same July. The declaration's text — "we know of no other rule or system of marriage" — is an active claim, not a passive failure to disclose. And Joseph F. Smith's "without authority" framing comes 34 years after the conference and 25 years after Joseph's death, with no contemporaneous documentation of Joseph privately or publicly disavowing the 1835 statement before his death.
The honest concession is that the retention is genuinely awkward. The nine-year canonical retention while Joseph was privately teaching the opposite cannot be defended as casual oversight. The least-strained reading is the layered one — that Joseph operated with a distinction between what the membership-at-large was being taught (overwhelmingly monogamy, accurately described by the 1835 statement) and what a small inner circle was being taught privately.[39] What the 1835 statement is not is a separate revelation Joseph dictated and then violated. It was a statement of belief drafted by a counselor without Joseph's contemporaneous authorship, adopted at a conference Joseph wasn't attending, and retained for nine years for reasons the historical record only partially clarifies. The broader pattern of public denial of privately practiced polygamy — and the post-2007 institutional response to that pattern — is engaged more fully in Transparency & Censorship.
The CES Letter also cites two additional 1835 D&C verses (13:7 — "love thy wife with all thy heart, and shall cleave unto her and none else"; 65:3 — "wherefore, it is lawful that he should have one wife"). Neither verse is about polygamy in immediate context. D&C 13:7 (current D&C 42:22) is in the Section on the Law of the Church, addressing marital fidelity in general. D&C 65:3 (current D&C 49:16) addresses Shaker celibacy doctrine — D&C 49 was given specifically in response to former Shaker Leman Copley's request, addressing the Shaker rejection of marriage altogether rather than legislating monogamy specifically. The current section heading for D&C 49 confirms the Shaker context.[40] The CES Letter's citation of these verses as "anti-polygamy revelations" decontextualizes them.
1876 removal
The 1835 statement was removed from the Doctrine and Covenants in the 1876 edition, replaced by D&C 132. The Joseph Smith Papers editorial introduction confirms: "The statement's explicit disavowal of polygamy led to its removal from the Doctrine and Covenants in 1876 when it was replaced by a July 1843 revelation explaining the concept of plural marriage."[36:5] The Church did not pretend the 1835 statement had not existed; it replaced it with the document that superseded it doctrinally.
Claim 7 — Procreation-only justification
What v. 63 actually says
The CES Letter writes: "D&C 132:63 very clearly states that the only purpose of polygamy is to 'multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men.'" It then argues: "Why did Joseph marry women who were already married? These women were obviously not virgins, which violated D&C 132:61. Zina Huntington had been married seven and a half months and was about six months pregnant with her first husband's baby at the time she married Joseph; clearly she didn't need any more help to 'bear the souls of men.'"[1:5]
The argument depends on quoting v. 63 partially. The verse in full reads:
"But if one or either of the ten virgins, after she is espoused, shall be with another man, she has committed adultery, and shall be destroyed; for they are given unto him to multiply and replenish the earth, according to my commandment, and to fulfil the promise which was given by my Father before the foundation of the world, and for their exaltation in the eternal worlds, that they may bear the souls of men; for herein is the work of my Father continued, that he may be glorified."[3:12]
The verse names three purposes, not one:
- "Multiply and replenish the earth" — procreation.
- "Fulfil the promise which was given by my Father before the foundation of the world" — covenant fulfillment.
- "For their exaltation in the eternal worlds, that they may bear the souls of men" — exaltation.
Reading v. 63 as procreation-only requires deleting clauses two and three. The Gospel Topics Essay summarizes the broader purpose-set: "Eternal marriage is essential to inheriting the fulness that God desires for His children. The sealing ordinance promised 'continuation of the seeds forever and ever' and 'crowns of eternal lives' and 'exaltation in the eternal worlds.'"[5:4]
Brian C. Hales identifies four distinct purposes throughout the revelation: restoration ("restitution of all things," vv. 40, 45), trial/test (vv. 32, 51), procreation (v. 63), and exaltation (vv. 16–17, 63). He notes that exaltation "was much more important than the others," because "eternal exaltation requires marriage, creating a theological problem if monogamy were the only option" given the gender imbalance among worthy candidates for exaltation.[41]
Lucy Walker, recalling Joseph's actual contemporary teaching, stated: "Men did not take polygamous wives because they loved them... but because it was a command of God." The motivation Joseph articulated was theological obedience and exaltation, not procreation.[16:1]
The Zina-was-pregnant timing question
The CES Letter's specific Zina move is rhetorically powerful: she didn't need help bearing souls because she was already pregnant. The response has two parts. First, v. 63's procreation purpose is one of three, not the gating condition for any sealing. Second, the eternity-only framework (engaged fully in Polyandry) decouples the timing of a sealing from the procreation purpose of v. 63 — because eternity-only sealings did not involve mortal sexual relationships and were not mortal marriages in the cohabiting sense. The "she didn't need help bearing souls" line conflates v. 63's procreation purpose with the timing of the sealing. The sealing's timing is separately defensible only if the eternity-only framework is. That framework is itself contested — Quinn argued the eternity-only category may have been a post-hoc construction; Hales and the standard apologetic position argue it was genuine and contemporary — and the textual-contradiction analysis in this article can do no more than note the contestation.
The plausibility of the eternity-only framework, the close reading of dozens of marriage records, and the absence or presence of sexual evidence all live in Polyandry.
For the textual-contradiction question relevant here: D&C 132:63 itself explicitly couples procreation with exaltation. If Joseph were inventing rules to justify his behavior, he would not have written a verse that constrains plural marriages to any of the three named purposes — let alone three purposes that make eternity-only sealings to married women textually defensible only by the second and third clauses (covenant fulfillment and exaltation), not the first (procreation). The CES Letter's argument requires v. 63 to be read narrowly enough that the polyandrous sealings appear to violate it. The verse, read in full, is broad enough to encompass them.
The strongest critical case
This article would not be honest if it engaged only the CES Letter's polemical framing. The strongest critical scholarship on Joseph's plural marriage practice goes well beyond what the CES Letter offers, and the V2.1 article must engage it.
Todd Compton's In Sacred Loneliness
Todd Compton's In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (Signature Books, 1997) is one of the two most rigorous critical scholarship works in print, written by a believing Latter-day Saint who became progressively troubled by what he uncovered.[42] Compton documents the lives of Joseph's 33+ plural wives in detail. His central thesis: these women's stories show both genuine religious devotion and genuine pain — and the faithful narrative compresses the pain to make the devotion bear more interpretive weight than it should.
For this article, Compton's specific contributions on D&C 132's textual-vs-practice question are:
The Lawrence sisters were orphans and financial wards of the Smith family. The sealing dynamic was complicated by their legal dependency. Even if vv. 64–65's exception clause provided procedural cover, the broader ethics of sealing one's wards is a category Compton presses on.[42:1]
The Partridge sisters were working in the Smith home. Their position as Emma's domestic help complicates the consent dynamics — for both Emma (who supervised them) and the Partridge sisters themselves (whose employment relationship with Joseph and Emma made the sealing inseparable from their material circumstances).[42:2]
The "destroyed" language landed harshly even on Compton's careful reading. Helen Mar Kimball's adolescent agony — quoted in the CES Letter — is not the only female voice that registered cost. The women's later silences and partial recantations are documented across multiple cases. Compton does not claim Joseph was a fraud; he claims the human cost of plural marriage was greater than faithful narratives typically allow.[42:3]
The honest engagement with Compton is to grant his evidentiary work and contest his interpretation where the text and broader documentary record support a different reading. This article does that on the textual-contradiction questions; the broader question of women's experiences in plural marriage is a question the Joseph Smith's Marriages article engages further.
Newell and Avery on Emma
Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery's Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith (Doubleday, 1984; revised University of Illinois Press, 1994) is the sympathetic-but-candid biography that brought Emma's perspective forward in scholarly form.[24:2] Their treatment complicates the "Emma consented to four marriages" faithful narrative in three documentary ways:
Emma's "consent" came after the marriages had already secretly occurred. The Partridge sisters were sealed to Joseph in March 1843 before Emma knew. The May 1843 ceremony Emma attended was a re-sealing — Emily Partridge described it as the only way Emma could control a process that had already occurred without her.[24:3]
Emma's acceptance lasted hours. Emily Partridge: "she was bitter after that... after the next day you might say that she was bitter."[23:2] This is not deliberation followed by decision; it is brief capitulation followed by regathering.
Emma never permitted the Lawrence sisters' continued cohabitation. Even after the May 1843 ceremony, "Emma knew that we were married to him, but she never allowed us to live with him."[24:4]
The faithful response is not to deny these facts. The faithful response is to note that the revelation itself contemplates exactly this kind of fluctuation — vv. 51–56's structure of offer, test, refusal, and forgiveness pivot maps onto Emma's actual experience more closely than a rigid "Joseph violated his own rules" reading allows. The Gospel Topics Essay's acknowledgment that Emma's experience was "an excruciating ordeal" concedes the point.[5:5]
Bruno's Secret Covenants and recent critical scholarship
Cheryl L. Bruno's edited collection Secret Covenants: New Insights on Early Mormon Polygamy (Signature Books, 2024) is the most significant recent critical anthology on early Mormon polygamy. It includes essays by William Victor Smith on D&C 132's institutional impact, Don Bradley on Nauvoo sealing chronology, Susan Staker, Mark Tensmeyer, and others, and represents the current state of critical scholarship.[43] Bruno and Stone's 2025 Journal of Mormon Polygamy article on "Crafting a Sacred Story: Joseph F. Smith and the William Clayton Affidavits" specifically argues that the later affidavit-based narrative — including the Brigham Young / Joseph F. Smith framing of Cowdery's 1835 authorship — was shaped by Joseph F. Smith's curatorial decisions in ways that complicate its evidentiary status.[37:1]
For the textual-contradiction question, the Secret Covenants contributions sharpen rather than dissolve the Compton/Newell-Avery arguments. They are the current scholarly engagement with the Brignone-style structural concerns and with the Joseph F. Smith-shaped historical record. The honest faithful engagement is to acknowledge that the critical scholarship has moved beyond In Sacred Loneliness and Mormon Enigma and that current peer-reviewed work is sustaining and extending the harder critical case.
The structural-coercion reading of the Law of Sarah
Brignone's By Common Consent essay is the cleanest articulator of the strongest critical reading: that the Law of Sarah is structurally coercive regardless of Emma's specific consent history.[20:1] The article above engages this directly in Claim 3. The structural asymmetry — refusal does not block the marriage; the wife becomes "the transgressor"; the procedural step has no symmetric counterpart — is real, and the article does not contest it. The article's only contestation is that the covenant consequences (the destruction language) apply symmetrically to men and women, while granting that the procedure itself does not.
The Brignone argument therefore stands as the live form of the strongest critical reading. The article does not dissolve it; it locates it as the live question.
What we honestly don't know
Several questions don't have clean answers from either faithful or critical scholarship:
What authority did Joseph use for plural marriages before April 3, 1836? The Hales-Quinn dialogue presents both sides; neither closes the question.[34:1] Hales argues for a Melchizedek-priesthood-based pre-1836 plural marriage that doesn't require the keys restored at Kirtland. Quinn argues for an authority gap. The Fanny Alger relationship — if dated to 1833 or even mid-1835 — is a hard case for the faithful position; if dated to late 1835 or 1836, it clusters around the keys restoration.
Why was the 1835 D&C 101:4 statement retained for 41 years? The "Cowdery wrote it" defense addresses origin but not retention. The most plausible reading is the layered one (membership-at-large taught monogamy; small inner circle taught the pre-revealed doctrine of plural marriage), but it does not fully explain why Joseph never publicly amended the document during his lifetime.
Was the eternity-only framework genuine and contemporary, or partially constructed retroactively? Hales and the standard apologetic position argue genuine; Quinn argued for retroactive construction. The textual-contradiction analysis can flag this question but cannot resolve it; the close evidentiary work lives in Polyandry.
In what sense did Joseph "follow" his own revelation when Emma's consent was as troubled as the documentary record shows? The vv. 64–65 exception clause provides procedural cover, but the Law of Sarah's structural asymmetry is genuinely uncomfortable. The Sarah Ann Whitney case (July 1842), which preceded any documented Emma-consent, is the hardest single datum for any reading that places the Law of Sarah's procedure inside the actual practice.
The honest article names these uncertainties rather than pretending they don't exist.
What the mismatches actually mean
The CES Letter's argument structure depends on the cumulative weight of contradictions between D&C 132 and Joseph's practice. Several features of the revelation cut against the strongest version of the CES Letter's polemic — the version that paints D&C 132 as a Warren-Jeffs-style fabrication Joseph designed to license his behavior. Two of those features are particularly difficult for the polemical reading:
The voice names the dictator's "trespasses." Verse 56's "let mine handmaid forgive my servant Joseph his trespasses" is language a self-justifying coercive fabrication does not include about itself in its own dictated text. Whatever else this verse is, it is not the rhetoric of a fraud constructed to license behavior.
The text three times condemns the practice critics charge Joseph with. Verses 41–42 and v. 63 condemn women being "with another man" sexually outside the authorized framework — the very sexual-polyandry charge raised against the polyandrous sealings. A pure self-licensing fabrication aligns rules to behavior. D&C 132 condemns sexual polyandry, and Joseph's defenders argue the polyandrous sealings were eternity-only specifically to comply with this condemnation.
Both of these points argue against the polemical fabrication reading, not against more sophisticated critical positions — particularly the sincerely-received-but-humanly-mediated reading that Bushman engages, Vogel articulates differently, and Bruno's recent anthology contributors carry forward. On that reading, Joseph genuinely believed he was receiving revelation, but the resulting framework was shaped by his own assumptions, his 19th-century cultural context, and possibly errors about how the doctrine was meant to be applied. The article does not claim to refute that middle position. What it claims is that the textual-contradiction case the CES Letter constructs collapses before it even reaches that engagement.
The honest reading is the harder one. D&C 132 is not a coherent rulebook from a benevolent author; it is also not the self-serving coercive justification the CES Letter portrays. Whether it is a real revelation imperfectly mediated, a sincere revelation containing humanly-introduced errors, or some configuration in between — those questions live one level beyond the textual-contradiction argument. The textual-contradiction argument, considered narrowly, does not survive the full reading of D&C 132.
The genuine difficulty
Worth Acknowledging
Several elements of D&C 132 and its surrounding history are genuinely difficult, and the article does not pretend otherwise.
- The Law of Sarah's procedural asymmetry is real. Refusal does not block the marriage; the wife becomes "the transgressor"; there is no symmetric counterpart in the framework. Naming this as "Abrahamic" sharpens rather than dissolves the difficulty.
- The "destroyed" language is harsh, even on the Webster's 1828 reading. Emma experienced it as harsh, and that is not a weakness in Emma but the predictable response of a person facing the most severe possible test of marital trust.
- Emma's consent history was complicated, episodic, and frequently retracted. Sarah Ann Whitney (July 1842) was sealed without Emma's knowledge eight months before the Partridge sealings. The Lawrence sisters were never permitted to cohabit with Joseph after the May 1843 ceremony. Emma's 1879 Saints' Herald "Last Testimony" denied that polygamy had ever been taught at all. None of these are clean.
- The 1835 D&C 101:4 statement remained in canon for nine years of Joseph's life while he was privately teaching the opposite. The Cowdery-authorship defense addresses origin but not retention.
- Joseph practiced plural marriage years before D&C 132 was dictated. The revelation is not the originating document; it is a recording of teachings already in circulation.
- The 1842 Times and Seasons affidavit was signed by some who were themselves secret polygamists, including Eliza R. Snow, sealed three months earlier. The declaration's "we know of no other rule or system of marriage" is an active claim, not a passive failure to disclose.
The honest faithful position is not that none of this is hard. It is that the textual-contradiction case the CES Letter constructs systematically depends on quotations strategically truncated before the verses that reframe them — even though the deeper questions the strongest critical scholarship raises remain live and worth engaging.
The theology that endures
The plural marriage provisions of D&C 132 (vv. 34–66) were discontinued through the 1890 Manifesto and the 1904 Second Manifesto. They are not currently practiced in the Church, and they are not part of the marriage doctrine taught to current members.[5:6]
What remains — and what the CES Letter's framing systematically ignores — is the eternal-marriage covenant of vv. 1–33. That framework is the doctrinal foundation of every temple sealing performed in the Church today:
The new and everlasting covenant of marriage (vv. 1–7, 19–20). Marriage sealed by the Holy Spirit of promise endures beyond death. Modern temple ordinances, performed by sealing authority traced to D&C 110's April 3, 1836 restoration, rest on this framework.[3:13]
The promise of exaltation (vv. 19–20). "Crowns of eternal lives," "thrones, kingdoms, principalities, and powers, dominions" — promises currently held by every couple sealed in a temple.
Sealing authority as the operative key (vv. 7, 18, 26). The authority that binds in heaven, not the form of marriage, is the doctrinal centerpiece. Modern temple sealings are almost entirely monogamous; the framework still applies.
The CES Letter's argument requires reading D&C 132 as a polygamy revelation with a few miscellaneous extras. The text reads — and the Church has consistently read — as an eternal-marriage revelation that contains plural marriage provisions specific to a particular historical period, embedded within a covenant framework that endures.[11:1] David O. McKay observed that section 132 "was regarding the eternity of the marriage covenant; it was not on polygamy" and that the section's core "pertains only to one man and one wife."[11:2]
The strongest version of the argument the CES Letter wants to make would require showing that the eternal-marriage framework of vv. 1–33 is theologically incoherent or doctrinally novel. The argument it actually makes — strategic quotation of plural marriage rules in vv. 34–66 — leaves the larger framework standing.
Assessment
The CES Letter's claim is that Joseph Smith violated his own revelation by failing to follow the "specific and bizarre rules" of D&C 132. The claim succeeds rhetorically by selective quotation. It does not survive contact with the full text.
On Jacob 2 vs. D&C 132: the contradiction the CES Letter constructs requires omitting Jacob 2:30 (the explicit exception clause) and D&C 132:38–39 (the in-text harmonization that distinguishes authorized from unauthorized plural marriage). The two texts sit in clean theological harmony when read in full, with monogamy as default and divinely commanded plural marriage as the exception both texts contemplate.
On the virgin requirement: D&C 132 itself supplies the counterexample (vv. 34–35, Hagar) that refutes the "virgins only" reading, and Joseph's contemporaneous approval of Heber C. Kimball's plural marriage to Sarah Noon (a non-virgin previously married woman) confirms it. Verse 61 is one prescription within a larger framework, not the gating condition the CES Letter requires it to be.
On first-wife consent: vv. 64–65 — which the CES Letter does not quote — explicitly describe what happens when the first wife refuses, exempting the husband from the consent procedure. The rule the CES Letter says Joseph violated is qualified by the same revelation that contains it. Brignone's structural-coercion reading is the harder argument, and the article concedes the procedural asymmetry without dissolving it. That asymmetry is the real live question on this claim — not the CES Letter's "Joseph violated his own rules" framing.
On Emma's "destruction": the same revelation that uses the word in v. 54 also names Joseph's "trespasses" two verses later (v. 56) and pivots to forgiveness (with Emma carrying the sequenced absolving burden). The destruction language is universal across the covenant — applied to Joseph himself in v. 4, to anyone in v. 26, to plural wives in vv. 41–42 — not uniquely directed at Emma. The Webster's 1828 sense of "destroy" maps onto covenantal cessation, not physical violence. None of this softens the procedural-coercion reading addressed in Claim 3, but it answers the specific Warren-Jeffs framing the CES Letter constructs.
On polygamy preceding the revelation: the principle was discussed in writing in the Church's inner circle by 1835 (the genuinely contemporaneous Phelps letters), with retrospective accounts placing private teaching as early as 1831. This pattern fits the broader Restoration practice (Word of Wisdom; baptism for the dead; temple endowment) where teaching preceded formalization.
On the 1835 statement: Cowdery's authorship is established by Joseph Smith Papers editorial review, not by faithful apologetics. The retention period is genuinely awkward, and the article does not pretend otherwise — but the document's existence is not a separate revelation Joseph dictated and violated.
On the procreation-only purpose: v. 63 names three purposes, not one. The CES Letter's argument requires deleting two of them. The Zina-was-pregnant rhetorical move conflates v. 63's procreation purpose with the timing of the sealing — a question that lives in the eternity-only-framework analysis cross-linked to Polyandry.
The strongest critical scholarship — Compton, Newell/Avery, Brignone, Bruno — raises real concerns. Most of those concerns are about the human practice of plural marriage, Emma's specific experience, and the Joseph F. Smith-shaped later record, not about D&C 132's internal coherence. The textual contradictions the CES Letter constructs do not survive a full reading; the historical and emotional concerns the strongest critics raise are real, and the article engages them rather than dismissing them.
A reader who has worked through the polemic and is now seeking the strongest case will find it does not survive contact with the text — even as the deeper questions raised by Brignone, Compton, Newell/Avery, and Bruno remain alive and worth genuine engagement in Joseph Smith's Marriages, Polyandry, and the broader honest treatment of a difficult chapter of Restoration history.
What stands firm underneath all of this is what stood firm before any of it: the Book of Mormon, dictated in roughly 60 working days, with no substantive revisions, by a young man who had not lived long enough to compose what the text contains. D&C 132 is a hard chapter of Restoration history, and the honest article does not pretend otherwise. But the central question — how did the Book of Mormon come to be? — is not answered by anything in the polygamy difficulty. The eternal-marriage framework of vv. 1–33 grounds every modern temple sealing. The plural-marriage provisions are bounded historically and textually. The textual-contradiction case fails. The deeper questions are live. And the bedrock of the Restoration's truth claims sits one book over from the chapter under examination.
Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Polygamy | Polyandry," pp. 55–58. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
"Historical Context and Background of D&C 132," Doctrine and Covenants Central. https://doctrineandcovenantscentral.org/historical-context/dc-132/ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
"Revelation, 12 July 1843 [D&C 132]," in Joseph Smith Papers. https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/revelation-12-july-1843-dc-132/1 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Brian C. Hales, "Emma Smith Struggles," josephsmithspolygamy.org. https://josephsmithspolygamy.org/history/emma-smith-struggles/ ↩︎ ↩︎
"Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo," Gospel Topics Essays, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics-essays/plural-marriage-in-kirtland-and-nauvoo ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
"When did Joseph Smith receive the revelation on plural marriage?" FAIR. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/Question:_When_did_Joseph_Smith_receive_the_revelation_on_plural_marriage%3F ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Brian C. Hales, "The 1830s — Joseph Smith's Polygamy," josephsmithspolygamy.org. https://josephsmithspolygamy.org/history/polygamy-early-1830s/ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Bruce A. Van Orden, "Writing to Zion: The William W. Phelps Kirtland Letters (1835–1836)," BYU Studies 33:3 (1993). https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/writing-to-zion-the-william-w-phelps-kirtland-letters-18351836/ ↩︎ ↩︎
Paul Fields, Steve Densley, Matthew Roper, and Larry Bassist, "Historical and Stylometric Evidence for the Authorship of Doctrine and Covenants 132," Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 67 (2026): 1–69. https://interpreterfoundation.org/journal/historical-and-stylometric-evidence-for-the-authorship-of-doctrine-and-covenants-132/ ↩︎
Daniel C. Peterson, "On the Authorship of Doctrine and Covenants 132," Patheos (Nov 2025). https://www.patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson/2025/11/on-the-authorship-of-doctrine-and-covenants-132.html ↩︎
Chad Nielsen, "Monogamy is the Rule, Part 2: Celestial Marriage and Plural Marriage," Times & Seasons (Nov 2024). https://timesandseasons.org/index.php/2024/11/monogamy-is-the-rule-part-2-celestial-marriage-and-plural-marriage/ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Jacob 2:23–30, in The Book of Mormon. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/jacob/2 ↩︎
Brian J. Baird, "Understanding Jacob's Teachings about Plural Marriage from a Law of Moses Context," Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 25 (2017): 227–237. https://scripturecentral.org/archive/periodicals/journal-article/understanding-jacobs-teachings-about-plural-marriage-law-moses-context ↩︎
"Plural Marriage in the Book of Mormon," FAIR. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/Plural_marriage_in_the_Book_of_Mormon ↩︎
The article's argument here uses D&C 132:34's own theological reading of Genesis 16 — "Sarah gave Hagar to Abraham to wife... this was the law" — as evidence of D&C 132's internal coherence. That works for a textual-internal-coherence argument; it does not resolve the broader exegetical question of whether D&C 132's reading of Genesis 16 is the right one. Many Christian and Jewish readers see the Hagar episode as a tragedy produced by impatience with God's promise, not as a "fulfilling, among other things, the promises." The argument here is internal-textual, not biblical-exegetical. ↩︎
Laura Harris Hales, "Joseph Smith's Polygamy: Toward a Better Understanding," FAIR Conference, August 2015. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/conference_home/august-2015/joseph-smiths-polygamy-toward-a-better-understanding ↩︎ ↩︎
William Victor Smith, Textual Studies of the Doctrine and Covenants: The Plural Marriage Revelation (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2018), esp. ch. 4 on vv. 51–66. ↩︎
Craig L. Foster, "Much More than a Plural Marriage Revelation," Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 29 (2018): 219–226. https://journal.interpreterfoundation.org/much-more-than-a-plural-marriage-revelation/ ↩︎
"Emma Smith in Doctrine and Covenants 132," FAIR. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/Emma_Smith_in_Doctrine_and_Covenants_132 ↩︎
Laura Brignone, "She Shall Believe or She Shall Be Destroyed: D&C 121 and 132," By Common Consent (Oct 28, 2021). https://bycommonconsent.com/2021/10/28/she-shall-believe-or-she-shall-be-destroyed-dc-121-and-132/ ↩︎ ↩︎
The honest faithful response has only one substantive contestation: the destructive consequence of refusal is the same destructive consequence the same revelation applies to Joseph in v. 4 ("if ye abide not that covenant, then are ye damned"), to anyone breaking the covenant in v. 26 ("destroyed in the flesh, and... delivered unto the buffetings of Satan"), and to plural wives who break their own covenants in vv. 41–42. The covenant's consequences are symmetric across men and women. What is asymmetric is the procedure. There is no symmetric clause: the wife cannot, for example, take a second husband if the first refuses to administer the law. The Abrahamic-test frame in v. 51 — "I did it, saith the Lord, to prove you all, as I did Abraham, and that I might require an offering at your hand, by covenant and sacrifice" — is sometimes deployed as a softening move. It should not be. The Genesis 22 binding-of-Isaac archetype the verse invokes is a test of the patriarch (Abraham), not of the bound son (Isaac). Brignone's reading places Emma in Isaac's structural position, not Abraham's. Naming the test "Abrahamic" sharpens the difficulty rather than dissolving it: Isaac's consent was not required for Abraham to proceed, and on the procedural-asymmetry reading, neither was Emma's. ↩︎
"Letter to Newel K., Elizabeth Ann, and Sarah Ann Whitney, 18 August 1842," in Joseph Smith Papers. https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letter-to-newel-k-elizabeth-ann-and-sarah-ann-whitney-18-august-1842/1 ↩︎ ↩︎
Emily Dow Partridge Young, deposition in Temple Lot trial (1892), reproduced in Brian C. Hales, Joseph Smith's Polygamy, 3 vols. (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2013), and discussed at "Emma Smith and Plural Marriage," josephsmithspolygamy.org. https://josephsmithspolygamy.org/common-questions/emma-smith-plural-marriage/ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
"Last Testimony of Sister Emma," interview with Joseph Smith III, The Saints' Herald 26 (Oct. 1, 1879): 289–290. ↩︎ ↩︎
Three observations sharpen the timeline. (a) The Sarah Ann Whitney sealing is the marriage the apologetic narrative most needs to engage and most often skips — Bishop Newel K. Whitney personally married his daughter to Joseph, and the Joseph-to-Newel-and-Sarah-Ann letter coordinating a private meeting "when Emma comes [is absent]" makes plain that the Law of Sarah's procedural framework was not satisfied at the time of this sealing. (b) The Lawrence sisters' situation shows that "consent" itself was layered: Emma assented to the May 1843 sealing but exercised her remaining domestic authority to prevent the cohabitation that would have been its normal expression, which the faithful narrative compressing this into "Emma consented to four marriages" softens. (c) Emma's 1879 denial of polygamy entirely cannot be reconciled with the marriages she clearly knew about; the apologetic narrative must choose whether her earlier consent was real and her later denials false, or whether her later denials were the truth she had reconciled herself to and her earlier "consent" was the partial accommodation Newell and Avery describe. There is no clean reconciliation. ↩︎
Noah Webster, American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), s.v. "destroy." https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/destroy ↩︎
"D&C 132 and Being 'Destroyed'," Debunking-CESLetter. https://debunking-cesletter.com/polygamy-polyandry-1/dc-132-and-being-destroyed/ ↩︎ ↩︎
Doctrine and Covenants 19:6–11. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/19 ↩︎
Benjamin F. Johnson 1835 reference and other 1830s recollections discussed in "Hales–Quinn Dialogue," josephsmithspolygamy.org. https://josephsmithspolygamy.org/dialogues/hales-quinn/ ↩︎
"The Phelps Family," in We'll Sing and We'll Shout, BYU Religious Studies Center. https://rsc.byu.edu/well-sing-well-shout/phelps-family ↩︎
Brian C. Hales, "Fanny Alger and Joseph Smith's Pre-Nauvoo Reputation." https://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/JS1099.pdf ↩︎
"Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833?" FAIR. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/Question:_Did_Joseph_Smith_marry_Fanny_Alger_as_his_first_plural_wife_in_1833%3F ↩︎
Brian C. Hales, "Joseph Smith and Fanny Alger," josephsmithspolygamy.org (engaging the Hales-Quinn debate on pre-1836 plural marriage authority and the Melchizedek-priesthood-vs-sealing-keys distinction). https://josephsmithspolygamy.org/common-questions/fanny-alger/ ↩︎ ↩︎
Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Knopf, 2005), pp. 323–325. ↩︎
"Appendix 3: Statement on Marriage, circa August 1835," in Joseph Smith Papers, editorial introduction. https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-3-statement-on-marriage-circa-august-1835/1 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Cheryl L. Bruno and Michelle B. Stone, "Crafting a Sacred Story: Joseph F. Smith and the William Clayton Affidavits," Journal of Mormon Polygamy (2025). https://journalofmormonpolygamy.org/jmp/article/view/4 ↩︎ ↩︎
"Affidavit on Polygamy," Times and Seasons 3 (Oct. 1, 1842): 939–940, signed by 31 witnesses including Eliza R. Snow and Sarah M. Cleveland. ↩︎
The layered reading: the 1835 statement was contextually a disavowal of the free-love spiritual-wifery rumors Cowdery and Phelps were dealing with in 1835, not contextually an exhaustive doctrinal statement on what could ever be revealed about marriage. Joseph kept the statement because it accurately described the public Church's marriage policy — even though it did not describe his own practice or the practice of those few he had taught the doctrine to. That reading is workable. It is not entirely comfortable. The article will not pretend it is. ↩︎
Doctrine and Covenants 49 (section heading and historical context noting the revelation was given in response to former Shaker Leman Copley). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/49 ↩︎
"D&C 132," Debunking-CESLetter. https://debunking-cesletter.com/polygamy-polyandry-1/dc-132/ ↩︎
Todd Compton, In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997). ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Cheryl L. Bruno, ed., Secret Covenants: New Insights on Early Mormon Polygamy (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2024). https://www.signaturebooks.com/books/p/secret-covenants ↩︎