CES Letter Answers

Appearance

James Strang Comparison ​

The claim:

The CES Letter's Strang block opens on page 95 and runs through the end of the Witnesses section. The framing is symmetric: if the Book of Mormon witnesses' testimony grounds Joseph Smith's claims, the same testimonial framework should ground James Strang's, and the framework cannot pick which is true. The opening is page 95:

"James Strang and his claims are fascinating. He was basically Joseph Smith 2.0 — but with a twist. Like Joseph, Strang did the following:

  • Claimed that he was visited by an angel who reserved plates for him to translate into the word of God. 'The record which was sealed from my servant Joseph. Unto thee it is reserved.'
  • Received the 'Urim and Thummim'.
  • Produced 11 witnesses who testified that they too had seen and inspected ancient metal plates.
  • Introduced new scripture. After unearthing the plates (the same plates as Laban from whom Nephi took the brass plates in Jerusalem), Strang translated it into scripture called the 'Book of the Law of the Lord'.
  • Established a new Church: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite). Its headquarters is still today in Voree, Wisconsin."[1]

The CES Letter then quotes the seven-witness statement to The Book of the Law of the Lord in full (p. 96), the four-witness affidavit to the Voree Plates in full (pp. 96-98), and on page 99 makes the load-bearing assertion:

"There is no direct evidence that any of the above 11 Strang witnesses ever denied their testimony of James Strang, the Voree Plates, Strang's church, or Strang's divine calling. Every single living Book of Mormon witness besides Oliver Cowdery accepted Strang's prophetic claim of being Joseph's true successor and joined him and his church. Additionally, every single member of Joseph Smith's family except for Hyrum's widow also endorsed, joined, and sustained James Strang as 'Prophet, Seer, and Revelator.'"[2]

The closing rhetorical question (p. 99):

"What does this say about the credibility of the Book of Mormon witnesses if they were so easily duped by James Strang and his claims of being a prophet called of God to bring forth new scripture from ancient plates only to later turn out to be a fraud?"[3]

The numbered "Problems" section restates the parallel in summative form. Problem 6 (p. 103) emphasizes that Strang's witnesses were not related, that some were not church members, that the plates were displayed publicly, and that four witnesses claimed to have dug them up themselves.[4] Problem 7 (pp. 103-104) extends the parallel to the Shaker A Holy, Sacred and Divine Roll and Book, quoting the eight-name witness statement from page 304 and Clark Braden's 1884 claim that "Harris declared repeatedly that he had as much evidence for a Shaker book he had as for the Book of Mormon."[5]

The parallels are real, and a response that pretends otherwise will lose the reader. This article handles the Strang and Shaker comparative-religion challenge specifically. The individual-witness credibility material (Burnett, magical worldview, family relationships) lives in the Credibility Concerns sister article; the "spiritual eyes only" theological framework lives in Second Sight; the broader cumulative-case epistemology lives in Competing Spiritual Claims. The Whitmer and Cowdery post-1838 testimony chains are detailed in Late Appearance and Backdating & Retrofitting.

Worth Acknowledging

Surface parallels between Joseph Smith and James Strang are genuine. Strang did claim angelic visitation. Strang did produce witnesses who signed affidavits to metal plates. Some Strangite witnesses didn't formally recant. Several Smith family members and Book of Mormon witnesses briefly investigated Strang's claims after Joseph's death. The Shaker Sacred Roll did have more than sixty witness signatures. None of these conceded facts is contested by faithful scholarship. The disagreement is whether the surface parallels survive once the structural details — content complexity, translation timeline, witness corpus structure, internal-source confessions, and institutional outcome — are laid out.

What the CES Letter gets right ​

Conceding the documentary floor honestly is what makes the structural argument that follows credible.

Strang did claim angelic ordination and metal plates. James Jesse Strang (March 21, 1813 – July 9, 1856) converted to Mormonism on February 25, 1844, baptized personally by Joseph Smith four months before Joseph's June 27 assassination. After Joseph's death, Strang produced a "Letter of Appointment" dated June 18, 1844 and claimed angelic ordination occurring at the moment of Joseph's death. He gathered followers at Voree, Wisconsin, then relocated to Beaver Island, Michigan in 1848, was crowned "King" by counselor George J. Adams in 1850, adopted polygamy ca. 1849-50, and was assassinated on the St. James dock by disaffected followers Alexander Wentworth and Thomas Bedford on June 16, 1856 (he died July 9).[6]

1856 daguerreotype portrait of James Jesse Strang, taken on Beaver Island shortly before his assassination
James Jesse Strang in 1856 — daguerreotype taken on Beaver Island by itinerant photographer J. Atkyn, the same year Strang was assassinated on the St. James dock. Image via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Strang produced multiple witness affidavits to metal plates. On September 13, 1845, four men — Aaron Smith, Jirah B. Wheelan, James M. Van Nostrand, and Edward Whitcomb — signed an affidavit to the discovery of three small brass plates near Voree, Wisconsin.[7] In 1851, seven men — Samuel Graham, Samuel P. Bacon, Warren Post, Phineas Wright, Albert N. Hosmer, Ebenezer Page, and Jehiel Savage — signed a witness statement to a separate set of eighteen brass plates Strang translated as The Book of the Law of the Lord.[8] [9] The witness language deliberately echoes the BoM witness statements: "We examined them with our eyes, and handled them with our hands."[8:1]

Some Strangite witnesses did not formally recant. Wikipedia's bounded summary of the Book of the Law witnesses: "Although some of these witnesses later left Strang's church, none of them is known to have ever denied their testimony as given in the Book of the Law."[9:1] Aaron Smith eventually renounced Strang as a fallen prophet but reportedly continued to affirm the plates' authenticity.[10] The CES Letter's bounded version of the "non-recantation" claim is technically true for some of the witnesses.

Some Book of Mormon witnesses briefly investigated Strang. Martin Harris went on a six-week Strangite mission to England in October-November 1846. The Whitmers (David, John, Jacob) and Hiram Page held favorable views of Strang from approximately March 1846 to April 1847. William Smith was briefly a Strangite apostle. The flirtations were real.[11]

The Voree Plates were physically accessible. Strang did display them publicly. Christopher Latham Sholes (later inventor of the typewriter), as editor of the Southport Telegraph, examined them as a non-Mormon journalist.[12] Stephen Post, a Strangite, examined them and reported they "resembled the French brass used in familiar kitchen kettles."[13]

The Shaker Sacred Roll witnesses are real. A Holy, Sacred and Divine Roll and Book; From the Lord God of Heaven, to the Inhabitants of Earth was published in 1843. Philemon Stewart was the "instrument" who claimed angelic dictation. More than sixty individuals signed witness statements. The eight-name witness on page 304 quoted by the CES Letter (Boothe, Chamberlain, De Witt, Jacobs, Lewis, Spencer, McDoniels, Hedrick) is genuine.[14]

The Strangite movement persisted in some form. Strang's June 1856 assassination and the Beaver Island expulsion of approximately 2,600 followers in July 1856 was a violent collapse, but the post-collapse Strangite remnant survives in small numbers. The Strangite Church continues today, headquartered in Voree, Wisconsin, with approximately 50-300 members.[15]

None of these concessions, individually or cumulatively, entails the conclusion the CES Letter draws. What follows is why.

The translation asymmetry ​

The first structural difference between Strang's plates and Joseph's plates is not plate dimensions. The Voree witnesses described small brass plates, and small brass plates are what Strang displayed; plate size by itself does not bear on translation authenticity. What it cannot accommodate as easily is what the plates produced.

Translation content and timeline ​

The published translation of the Voree Plates is The Voree Plates: The Record of Rajah Manchou of Vorito, approximately 200-250 words of stylized prose. The opening reads:

"My people are no more. The mighty are fallen, and the young slain in battle. Their bones bleached on the plain by the noonday shadow. The houses are levelled to the dust, and in the moat are the walls. They shall be inhabited."[16]

The closing: "Record my words, and bury it in the Hill of Promise."[16:1] That is essentially the entire content. The text is internally generic — no proper names that map to known ancient persons, no narrative complexity, no chiasmus, no Hebraisms. It is the kind of text a moderately literate nineteenth-century person could produce in an afternoon by imitating biblical phrasing.

1845 broadside published by James Strang depicting the three small brass Voree plates with their engraved figures
The 1845 broadside depicting the three Voree plates — Strang's own published illustration of the artifact. The plates measured roughly 2.5 by 1.25 inches and produced approximately 200 words of generic religious poetry when translated. Image via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Strang's second translation — The Book of the Law of the Lord, taken from a separate set of eighteen brass plates called the "Plates of Laban" — expanded from 84 pages in 1851 to approximately 320 pages in the 1856 expanded edition.[9:2] A five-year translation cycle producing 320 pages of biblical-commandment expansion. The total Strangite scriptural corpus, after a decade of translation work, is shorter than the Book of Alma alone.

The Book of Mormon, by contrast, is approximately 270,000 words of complex narrative integration across multiple peoples and centuries, dictated in roughly 65 working days during April-June 1829 through the seer stone in the hat.[17] Its internal features have been the subject of two centuries of textual scholarship: chiastic structures spanning hundreds of words (Welch 1969 on Alma 36), Hebrew syntactic patterns (Skousen's Critical Text Project), ancient names later attested archaeologically (Nahom, Alma, Sariah), the "tight control" pattern of dictation reflected in the original manuscript, and multi-author internal voice differences detected statistically.[18] [19] [20]

FeatureVoree PlatesBook of the Law platesBook of Mormon
Translation length~200-250 words~80 pages (1851); ~320 pages (1856)~270,000 words
Translation timeSingle sitting~5-10 years~65 working days
Internal complexityGeneric four-stanza poemBrief expansion of biblical commandment materialMulti-author narrative, chiasmus, Hebraisms, ancient names attested archaeologically
Subsequent revisionsNone publishedMultiple expansions 1851→1856No substantive revisions
Translation outputs: Voree Plates, Book of the Law, and Book of MormonTwo side-by-side bar charts comparing total length and per-day production rate. The Book of Mormon bars dominate both charts; the Voree Plates and Book of the Law bars appear as small stubs at the axis because they are proportionally too small to plot at the same scale.Total lengthRate per day100k200k300k200words~96,000words270,000wordsTotal words produced1k2k3k4k5k200words/day26words/day~4,154words/dayAverage production rateVoreePlatessingle sittingBook ofthe Law~10 yearsBook ofMormon~65 working daysVoreePlatessingle sittingBook ofthe Law~10 yearsBook ofMormon~65 working days
The Book of Mormon's ~270,000 words and ~4,154 words/day rate dominate both charts. The Voree Plates' 200 words and the Book of the Law's 26 words/day appear as tick-mark stubs at the axis — proportionally too small to plot. That asymmetry is the argument.

Key Point

The Voree Plates produced approximately 200 words; the Book of the Law plates produced approximately 320 pages over a decade; the Book of Mormon produced 270,000 words in 65 working days. The witnesses are testifying about an artifact, but the translated text is itself the most testable feature of the case. Run honestly, that comparison breaks before the witness corpora are even examined.

Christopher Latham Sholes — the closest non-Mormon examiner ​

Christopher Latham Sholes, then editor of the Southport Telegraph and later the inventor of the first practical typewriter (and the QWERTY layout), examined the Voree Plates as a non-Mormon journalist with no doctrinal stake. Sholes "offered no opinion on the plates" but described Strang as "honest and earnest" and his followers as "among the most honest and intelligent men."[12:1] A non-Mormon journalist with editorial credentials declined to declare the plates genuine — the surface presentation passed casual inspection but didn't compel endorsement. The confession of forgery came from internal Strangite sources later.

Internal Strangite confessions of fabrication ​

The CES Letter's load-bearing assertion is that "no direct evidence" exists of any Strangite witness denying his testimony. The framing depends on a narrow definition of "direct" that excludes confession-of-fabrication evidence from internal Strangite sources. Three insiders left documentary traces of forgery confession or fabrication evidence — and these are Strangite-internal sources, not external critics.

The accounts come through three different reporters with different relationships to the movement, and each carries different evidentiary weight. That distinction matters and the article keeps it explicit.

Caleb Barnes — the "Ben Perce's old kettle" confession ​

Caleb P. Barnes was Strang's law partner. Per Isaac Scott — an ex-Strangite who had defected to the Reorganization (RLDS) by 1888 — Barnes confessed that he and Strang made the Voree Plates "out of Ben [Perce]'s old kettle and engraved them with an old saw file" and applied acid "to corrode them and give them an ancient appearance." Scott described the burial method: a "large auger" with a long handle was used to bore "a long slanting hole under a tree" where the plates were deposited "leaving no trace of their work visible." The confession is preserved in Scott's letter to Joseph Smith III, published in The Saints' Herald on December 29, 1888 — 32 years after Strang's death.[21]

Scott was an RLDS-affiliated ex-Strangite with institutional incentive to discredit Strang. Sarah Allen's FAIR rebuttal handles this honestly: "This is a secondhand account from 1888, 32 years after Strang's death... I am not stating it as settled fact."[22] The Barnes confession is real, but it travels through a hostile reporter writing decades later — a fact the article doesn't smooth over.

Samuel Graham — the beeswax and pen knife confession ​

Samuel Graham was simultaneously two things: one of the seven witnesses who signed the testimony statement to The Book of the Law of the Lord, and Strang's translation scribe — the structural Cowdery-equivalent of Strang's movement.

Per Chauncy Loomis's letter to Joseph Smith III, published in The Saints' Herald on November 10, 1888, Graham later "declared that he and Strang made those plates" by coating "them with beeswax and then formed the letters and cut them in with a pen knife."[23] Graham subsequently left Beaver Island, taking Strang's first wife Mary Perce with him.[13:1]

Loomis, like Scott, was an ex-Strangite writing to the RLDS publication decades after the events. Graham is the structurally heaviest of the three accusations — a scribe who later confessed to fabricating his prophet's plates — but the report is hearsay, recorded by an ex-Strangite decades later.

The Book of Mormon's scribe Oliver Cowdery, by contrast, spent 1838-1850 outside the LDS Church, practiced law professionally in Ohio and Wisconsin, returned to the Church only in 1848, and died affirming the testimony in March 1850.[24] Cowdery never produced a confession of forgery. Graham reportedly did.

Samuel P. Bacon — and the Warren Post 1855 council ​

Samuel P. Bacon was another of the seven Book of the Law witnesses, who became a Strangite high priest. Two reports converge on Bacon from two different kinds of source.

The Loomis report — same 1888 ex-Strangite letter — claims that "in repairing Strang's house [Bacon] found hid behind the ceiling the fragments of those plates," after which Bacon "left the island" and "turned infidel."[23:1] The ceiling-fragments claim is itself a hearsay assertion — no surviving fragment, no second witness to the discovery — and carries the same evidentiary weight as Barnes and Graham.

The Warren Post record is different. Post was himself one of the seven Book of the Law witnesses and a Strangite apostle who remained sympathetic to the movement — a contemporaneous internal source, not an ex-Strangite defector writing decades later. Post's journal records the 1855 Strangite council action that stripped Bacon of his Strangite office after Bacon "denied the work being done was the inspiration of God" and called the entire enterprise "human invention."[25] [26]

This is the strongest piece in the chain. A Strangite council action recorded by a sympathetic Strangite witness — not a defector — documents that one of the seven Book of the Law witnesses publicly denounced the movement as "human invention" while Strang was still alive and was formally disciplined for it. Loomis and Scott corroborate; Post is the genuinely internal source whose institutional position runs against the direction his testimony points.

Stephen Post — "Strang made the plates himself" ​

Stephen Post (brother of Warren Post) was a Strangite who examined the plates and reported they "resembled the French brass used in familiar kitchen kettles." He admitted "all that I could realize was that Strang made the plates himself, or at least that it was possible that he made them."[13:2] Stephen Post is not formally one of the seven Book of the Law witnesses, but he was a Strangite insider close to Warren Post — a sympathetic Strangite who handled the plates and concluded Strang could have made them.

What survives the hearsay test ​

All four confession reports raise the hearsay-symmetry question that the steelman version of the parallel argument presses hardest. The asymmetry the article wants to draw is not in evidentiary form but in number, content, and source independence.[27]

  • Three insider source-lines alleging fabrication on the Strang side — Barnes (via Scott), Graham (via Loomis), and Bacon (via both Loomis and Warren Post). Each reaches a different aspect: Barnes describes the kettle-and-saw-file method; Graham confesses as the scribe; Bacon allegedly discovers the physical residue and is publicly disciplined for denouncing the work.
  • Reporters with different relationships to the movement. Scott and Loomis are ex-Strangites (defectors with motive). Warren Post is a sympathetic Strangite contemporaneously documenting an internal council action. The convergence of an ex-Strangite report (Loomis on Bacon) with an internal-Strangite contemporaneous record (Post on the same council action) is source independence single-line hearsay does not have.
  • Zero comparable insider claims on the BoM side across eleven witnesses over fifty years. No BoM witness, no BoM scribe, no contemporaneous LDS council action has ever produced a confession-of-fabrication report. Whitmer's 1887 Address — the closest analog the steelman can point to — is a 75-page institutional-criticism document of the Utah Church, not a fabrication confession; it simultaneously affirms "I have never at any time denied that testimony or any part thereof."[28]

The asymmetry is in the content of insider claims. Strang critics — including ones internal to the movement — alleged fabrication. BoM critics, including the most embittered defectors over fifty years, alleged institutional disagreement, doctrinal corruption, and prophetic over-reach — but never that the witnesses had been duped about a physical artifact, and never that Joseph had manufactured plates with a saw file and acid.

Key Point

The Strangite fabrication chain stands on three separate insider-claim lines, two of them ex-Strangite reports and one of them a contemporaneous Strangite council action recorded by a sympathetic Strangite witness. The Book of Mormon corpus has zero comparable insider-claim lines across eleven witnesses over fifty years.

Further Reading

The fabrication-confession evidence is documented in multiple primary sources:

  • Isaac Scott letter, The Saints' Herald 35 (December 29, 1888): 831-32 — the Caleb Barnes confession
  • Chauncy Loomis to Joseph Smith III, "Experience on Beaver Island with James J. Strang," Saints' Herald (November 10, 1888): 718-719 — the Samuel Graham and Samuel Bacon reports
  • Warren Post journal record of the 1855 Strangite council that stripped Bacon of his office — corroborating Bacon's denunciation
  • For comprehensive engagement: Sarah Allen, "The CES Letter Rebuttal — Part 50" and "Part 52," FAIR Blog (2022)
  • For accessible synthesis: Daniel C. Peterson, "Defending the Faith: The Story Behind James Strang and His Sect," Deseret News, June 9, 2011

Strangite witnesses' subsequent histories ​

The CES Letter says Strang's witnesses "never denied" their testimony. Even granting the strongest critic-friendly version of that claim — bracketing the Barnes, Graham, and Bacon reports — the post-departure pattern is structurally different from the Book of Mormon witnesses'.

The Voree Plates witnesses ​

The four Voree Plates witnesses' subsequent biographies are documented unevenly. Aaron Smith — described as "the most prominent of the Voree Plate witnesses" — eventually renounced Strang as a fallen prophet but reportedly continued to affirm the plates' physicality.[10:1] This is the cleanest case for the CES Letter's "didn't recant" claim — Aaron Smith left Strang but stuck with the plates. For Jirah B. Wheelan, James M. Van Nostrand, and Edward Whitcomb, specific recantation statements are not consistently documented in scholarly sources. FAIR's bounded summary is that "most of the four" eventually broke with Strang, but the documentary trail for the three non-Aaron witnesses' specific testimonial trajectories is thin.[13:3]

The seven Book of the Law witnesses ​

The biographies of the seven Book of the Law witnesses, drawing on Sarah Allen's research:

  • Samuel Graham became a Strangite apostle and translation scribe; was reported by Loomis to have confessed fabrication; left Beaver Island with Strang's first wife.
  • Samuel P. Bacon became a Strangite high priest; was disciplined by the 1855 Strangite council for denouncing the work as "human invention" (recorded by Warren Post); was further reported by Loomis to have discovered plate fragments in Strang's ceiling.
  • Warren Post remained a sympathetic Strangite apostle; recorded Bacon's denunciation in his own journal.
  • Phineas Wright became a Strangite apostle. Sarah Allen's Part 52 documents that Strang married one of Phineas Wright's daughters four years after Wright signed the witness statement — making Strang Wright's son-in-law.[29]
  • Albert N. Hosmer, Ebenezer Page, Jehiel Savage became Strangite apostles.
Trajectory matrix of the seven Book of the Law witnessesA seven-row by five-column matrix showing each Book of the Law witness's 1851 signature, Strangite role, fabrication-confession reports, post-departure status, and post-departure reaffirmation. Two of seven (Graham and Bacon) have fabrication-confession reports; one (Wright) became Strang's father-in-law; none produced first-hand reaffirmations after departure.WitnessSigned 1851witnessstatementPost-signatureStrangite roleFabrication-confessionor council disciplinePost-departurestatusFirst-handreaffirmationafter departureGraham✓apostle &translation scribeLoomis 1888 —beeswax + pen knifeLeft Beaver Islandwith Strang's first wife—Bacon✓high priest1855 council:"human invention"(Post journal + Loomis)Disciplined,"turned infidel"—Post✓apostle(recorded Bacon council)—Remainedsympathetic Strangite—Wright✓apostleStrang's father-in-law(post-hoc; 1855 marriageto Wright's daughter)Unknown—Hosmer✓apostle—Unknown—Page✓apostle—Unknown—Savage✓apostle—Unknown—Fabrication-confession reportFamily entanglementNo first-hand reaffirmation documented
Two of the seven Book of the Law witnesses carry fabrication-confession reports (Graham via Loomis; Bacon via the 1855 Strangite council and Loomis). A third (Wright) became Strang's father-in-law after the signing. None of the seven produced first-hand reaffirmations of the plates after leaving Strang — the last column is empty across all seven rows.

The Phineas Wright detail has to be handled carefully. Wright signed the witness statement before Strang married Wright's daughter — at the moment of witnessing, Wright was not Strang's father-in-law. What the marriage shows is post-hoc family entanglement, not pre-existing entanglement. The BoM witness corpus, by contrast, included family relationships that existed at the time of witnessing — Hyrum, Joseph Sr., and Samuel Smith were already Joseph's blood relatives in 1829-1830. On family ties at the time of witnessing, the CES Letter is right that the Strangite corpus was less entangled than the BoM corpus. The structural work has to be done by the post-departure pattern, the content asymmetry, and the internal-confession asymmetry — not by family ties.

Post-departure silence vs. post-departure reaffirmation ​

The decisive structural fact is what Sarah Allen documents: "While they're similar to the Book of Mormon witnesses in that they all eventually left Strang's church behind, there are some major differences. To start with, they all abruptly stopped testifying of Strang's plates after they left his church."[22:1] The Strangite witnesses did not continue affirming the Voree Plates or the Book of the Law of the Lord across decades of public scrutiny. They went silent. Some defected to the Reorganization. Some "turned infidel" (Bacon). Some left the public stage entirely. Allen's broader research finds no first-hand reaffirmations from any Strangite witness after departure.[22:2]

The Book of Mormon witnesses, by contrast, continued to affirm their published testimony across fifty years of post-1838 public scrutiny. Credibility Concerns documents twenty-six discrete reaffirmation events from primary sources across 1838-1888 — hostile interrogations, journalist interviews, deathbed statements, family accounts. The pattern is not "they happened to never deny." It is "they were asked over and over and answered the same way every time."

PatternStrangite witnessesBook of Mormon witnesses
Insider fabrication-confession reports3 source lines (Barnes via Scott; Graham via Loomis; Bacon via Loomis + Warren Post)0
Post-departure public reaffirmationsNo documented first-hand reaffirmations after departure (Allen)26+ documented across 1838-1888
Foundational text translation time~10 years (Plates of Laban)~65 working days
Foundational text length~320 pages (1856 final)~270,000 words / ~530 pages 1830 ed.
Foundational text revisionsMultiple expansions 1851→1856No substantive revisions

The CES Letter's "no direct evidence" claim is technically defensible only by excluding the Loomis letter, the Isaac Scott letter, and Warren Post's record from "direct evidence." Even granting that exclusion, the larger structural fact survives: Strangite witnesses stopped speaking; Book of Mormon witnesses kept speaking. Non-recantation is a much weaker claim when the witnesses go silent than when the witnesses produce decades of affirmative restatements. For the full BoM-witness reaffirmation arc — Cowdery's 1846 letter to Phineas Young, his 1848 Kanesville reaffirmation, his 1850 deathbed; Whitmer's 1861 graveside report, 1881 Proclamation, 1885 Moyle interview, 1887 Address, 1888 deathbed; Harris's 1859 Tiffany interview, 1870 Tabernacle testimony, 1875 deathbed — see Credibility Concerns.

The CES Letter's specific factual errors ​

Beyond the rhetorical-elision issues already noted, several specific factual claims in the Strang block are wrong. These are not interpretive disagreements; they are empirical errors detectable in primary-source documentation.

"Every single living Book of Mormon witness besides Oliver Cowdery accepted Strang" ​

This is empirically false in two specific senses.

First, only five of the eleven witnesses were alive when Strang appeared in 1844-45. Christian Whitmer (died 1835), Peter Whitmer Jr. (1836), Joseph Smith Sr. (1840), Hyrum Smith (1844), and Joseph Smith Jr. (1844) were already dead. The "every living except Cowdery" claim therefore refers to five witnesses: David Whitmer, John Whitmer, Hiram Page, Jacob Whitmer, and Martin Harris. Cowdery did not endorse Strang; he publicly called Strang "a wicked man."[30]

Of the remaining five, "accepted Strang's prophetic claim" overstates what the documentary record shows. Saints Unscripted's research, drawing on Robin Scott Jensen's 2005 BYU Studies article, documents:

  • Martin Harris went on a six-week Strangite mission in October-November 1846. By March 1847, Harris was hostile to Strang. The mission ended early because Harris refused to preach Strangism while continuing to bear testimony specifically of the Book of Mormon. His missionary partner Lester Brooks decided to send Harris home because Harris was "failing to testify of Strangism" and was useless for the mission's purposes. The Strangites complained Harris was "ashamed of his profession as a Strangite."[31]
  • The Whitmers (David, John, Jacob) and Hiram Page held favorable views of Strang from approximately March 1846 to April 1847 — about a year. None of the Whitmers or Page joined Strang's community in Voree or Beaver Island. Only one firsthand statement supporting Strang from any Whitmer survives — in John Whitmer's history — and it was later crossed out.[11:1]

The CES Letter's framing — "accepted... and joined him and his church" — implies sustained Strangite membership. The actual record shows brief flirtations, no sustained organizational involvement, and explicit rejection within months for Harris and within about a year for the Whitmers. "Accepted... and joined" describes William Smith and (briefly) Martin Harris; for the others, "investigated and withdrew" is more accurate.

"Every member of Joseph Smith's family except Hyrum's widow" ​

This claim depends on a William Smith-published Voree Herald letter of June 1846, which named Lucy Mack Smith and her daughters as Strangite endorsers. Katharine Smith Salisbury — one of the daughters named — later issued a sworn denial: "I never signed my name to such certificate or document; neither did I give my consent for anyone to sign it."[32] The published letter is, by Katharine Salisbury's sworn testimony, a forgery.

The CES Letter's load-bearing "every member of Joseph Smith's family" claim therefore rests on a denied-forgery document. Emma Smith actively resisted Strang's overtures and refused to "give her name and testimony" to his succession claims.[11:2] William Smith was briefly a Strangite apostle but was excommunicated from Strang's church in 1847.

Hearsay and the asymmetric standard ​

The "no direct evidence" claim about Strang witness denial requires a narrow definition of "direct" that excludes the Barnes, Graham, and Bacon reports as second-party hearsay. Apply that standard symmetrically to the BoM corpus, and most of the 1850-1888 reaffirmation chain is also "indirect" — Pilkington's 1934 deathbed affidavit was recorded 59 years after Harris's 1875 death; Whitmer's report of Cowdery's 1850 deathbed was second-party; the 1888 Whitmer deathbed account was recorded by his attending physician. The CES Letter applies one standard to Strang (excluding hearsay confessions) and another to the Book of Mormon (admitting all reaffirmations).

CES Letter framingWhat the documentary record shows
"Every living BoM witness except Cowdery accepted Strang"5 alive in 1844-45; Harris's mission lasted 6 weeks; Whitmer flirtation was 1 year with one statement (later crossed out); Cowdery never followed Strang.
"Every Smith family member except Hyrum's widow endorsed Strang"Depends on a William Smith-published 1846 letter; Katharine Smith Salisbury later sworn-denied her purported signature as a forgery; Emma Smith actively resisted Strang.
"No direct evidence any Strang witness ever denied"Excludes the Barnes report (Scott letter), the Graham report (Loomis letter), and the Bacon ceiling-fragments + Warren Post 1855 council action. The same hearsay-exclusion standard applied symmetrically to the BoM witnesses' lifetime affirmations would invalidate Pilkington 1934 (recorded 59 years after Harris's death — longer than any Strangite confession), Whitmer's report of Cowdery's deathbed, and the Whitmer 1888 deathbed accounts.
"Strang's witnesses didn't recant"Aaron Smith renounced Strang (though reportedly continued affirming the plates); Bacon was disciplined by an 1855 Strangite council for denouncing the work as "human invention"; the seven Book of Law witnesses produced no first-hand reaffirmations after departure.

The Letter of Appointment ​

Strang's claim to be Joseph Smith's prophetic successor depended on a "Letter of Appointment" dated June 18, 1844 — nine days before Joseph's June 27 assassination — and postmarked from Nauvoo the next day, purporting to be from Joseph Smith. The original is held at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (catalog WA MSS 447).[33]

Page one of the Letter of Appointment dated June 18 1844, written in unusual all-capital print lettering
Page one of the disputed "Letter of Appointment," dated June 18, 1844 — nine days before Joseph Smith's assassination. Note the all-capital print lettering — a style of penmanship the Tyrell-and-Doud 1956 handwriting analysis found in none of three comparison Joseph Smith documents. Original at Yale Beinecke Library (WA MSS 447); image via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

The forensic anomalies ​

Modern forensic analyses identify several documentary problems:

  • All-caps print lettering: the main text uses "print lettering rather than in cursive script — a style of penmanship so unusual for the prophet and his secretaries that no other examples are known to exist."[34]
  • Signature mismatch: the signature "bears no slightest resemblance to that of Joseph Smith."[34:1]
  • Different paper stocks: the two pages came from different paper stocks, suggesting later concatenation (a point Strangite apologists contest).[34:2] [35]
  • The Tyrell-and-Doud 1956 handwriting analysis compared the Letter of Appointment to three other Joseph Smith documents and found the Letter "in handprinting, where as the other documents...are not."[36]
  • A disaffected Strangite later claimed Strang's law partner Caleb P. Barnes — the same Barnes implicated in the Voree Plates kettle confession — fabricated the letter.[6:1]

The strongest evidence for authenticity is the outer envelope's red-ink postmark, which appears genuine. Postal records corroborate that an envelope was "mailed from Nauvoo on June 19, 1844."[34:3] The forgery hypothesis runs that the cover was authentic but the inner pages were fabricated and substituted later. Strang's prior experience as a postmaster has been cited as relevant.[34:4]

The scholarly assessment ​

Brigham Young immediately denounced the letter as a "wicked forgery." Roger Van Noord's standard scholarly biographies — King of Beaver Island (University of Illinois Press, 1988) and Assassination of a Michigan King (University of Michigan Press, 1997) — concluded: "it is probable that Strang — or someone under his direction — manufactured the letter of appointment and the brass plates."[37] D. Michael Quinn's "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844" (BYU Studies 16/2, 1976) is the standard peer-reviewed scholarly treatment.[38] Strangite scholars defend authenticity; the surviving Strangite Church's website continues to defend the letter.[35:1] The mainstream non-LDS press treatment (e.g., Miles Harvey's Literary Hub essay) accepts the modern forgery consensus.[34:5]

Documenting that Strang's foundational corpus has forgery indicia does not establish that the Book of Mormon corpus does not — that direction of argument is not what the article is making. The argument is comparative: Strang has at least three documents that scholars have characterized as forgeries or probable forgeries — the Voree Plates, the Book of the Law plates, and the Letter of Appointment — and the documentary forgery indicators against Strang's foundational claims are more numerous, better-attested, and more widely accepted in mainstream non-LDS scholarship than the comparable indicators against Joseph's.[39] If the Letter of Appointment is a forgery, Strang's initial claim to succession was fraudulent. His authority rests on a single letter; that letter is documentarily compromised. The downstream scriptural production (plates, Book of the Law, polygamy revelations) follows from the assumed prophetic authority the Letter was supposed to confer.

Further Reading

  • Roger Van Noord, King of Beaver Island: The Life and Assassination of James Jesse Strang (University of Illinois Press, 1988) — standard scholarly biography
  • Roger Van Noord, Assassination of a Michigan King: The Life of James Jesse Strang (University of Michigan Press, 1997) — revised paperback edition
  • Vickie Cleverly Speek, "God Has Made Us a Kingdom": James Strang and the Midwest Mormons (Signature Books, 2006) — standard contemporary social/family history
  • D. Michael Quinn, "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844," BYU Studies 16/2 (1976) — peer-reviewed scholarly treatment
  • Miles Harvey, "The Forged Letter that Began a Mormon Succession Crisis," Literary Hub — accessible mainstream-press narrative

Strangite movement decline ​

The movement-persistence dimension of the comparison is bounded, not a knockdown — but it is data the framework should accommodate without distortion.

On June 16, 1856, disaffected followers Alexander Wentworth and Thomas Bedford shot Strang three times on the St. James dock. Strang died July 9, 1856, at age 43. Within a month — and before Strang died of his wounds, on July 5 — approximately 2,600 Strangites were forcibly expelled from Beaver Island by armed mobs from neighboring communities.[6:2] Strang appointed no successor (he had taught that successors required angelic ordination), the movement fragmented immediately, and most former Strangites eventually joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ).[15:1] Today the Strangite Church is headquartered in Voree, Wisconsin with approximately 50-300 members worldwide. Sarah Allen's framing: "though it does still exist today and is still headquartered in Voree, Wisconsin, there are only around 300 members worldwide. Many of us have more people than that in our wards."[22:3]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had approximately 6 members at its founding in April 1830. As of 2024, it has approximately 17.2 million members worldwide. The Eight Witnesses' testimony has been printed in every edition of the Book of Mormon since 1830 — an unbroken canonization stretching 195 years.[40]

Dual-track succession timeline: LDS Church versus Strangite Church, 1830–2025Two parallel horizontal timelines from 1830 to 2025 share the same June 1844 succession-crisis point. The top track follows the LDS Church through Quorum of the Twelve succession, Utah migration, and growth to 17.2 million members. The bottom track follows the Strang line through Voree, Beaver Island, Strang's 1856 assassination and the forced expulsion of about 2,600 followers, ending with 50–300 members today. The membership-bar contrast on the right is on a linear scale: at 17.2 million versus ~300, the Strangite bar is a 3-pixel stub against the full-height LDS bar — the asymmetry is the argument.Two succession lines from the same June 1844 momentMembers todayLDS ChurchQuorum of Twelve(Aug 1844)Strangite ChurchLetter of Appointment(Jun 1844)June 1844succession crisis183018501875190019251950197520002025Apr 1830~6 membersChurch organized,Aug 1844governing bodyTwelve sustained as1847Utah migration begins2024195 years continuous~17.2 million membersJun 1844Letter ofAppointmentVoree 1844–48Beaver Island 1848–56peak ~12,000 membersJul 1856 — collapseStrang assassinated; ~2,600forcibly expelled from Beaver Island2024~50–300 membersVoree, Wisconsin17.2M13M8.6M4.3M17.2M~300LDSChurchStrangiteChurchMembers worldwide (linear scale)
Both lines diverge from the June 1844 succession crisis. The LDS Church grew from ~6 members to ~17.2 million across 195 years of continuous institutional life. The Strang line collapsed within months of Strang's June 1856 assassination — ~2,600 followers expelled from Beaver Island, peak ~12,000 members reduced to ~50–300 today. On a linear membership scale, the Strangite bar is a 3-pixel stub against the LDS bar's full height. The asymmetry is the argument.

Worth Acknowledging

Movement persistence is sociological, not theological. Christianity persists; Islam persists; Hinduism persists; Buddhism persists. They cannot all be doctrinally correct in their distinctive claims. Institutional success is not dispositive proof of authenticity. The Strangite collapse is partly explained by contingent factors (Strang's assassination, no designated successor, Beaver Island's geographic isolation); LDS persistence is partly explained by contingent factors too. The contrast is bounded — consistent with the asymmetric foundations, not proof of them.

A movement built on three insider fabrication reports, a forensically compromised foundational document, and a single charismatic king is structurally predicted to collapse upon the king's removal. A movement built on eleven witnesses who never recanted, a 270,000-word text that has resisted naturalistic explanation for two centuries, and an apostolic-quorum continuity structure is structurally predicted to persist. Both predictions held — bounded data, not dispositive proof.

The Shaker Sacred Roll ​

The CES Letter's third comparator is Philemon Stewart's A Holy, Sacred and Divine Roll and Book; From the Lord God of Heaven, to the Inhabitants of Earth (1843). Over sixty individuals signed testimony statements to the Sacred Roll. The CES Letter argues this is a parallel to the Eleven Witnesses. The argument fails on three structural facts.

The Era of Manifestations context ​

The Shaker United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing was founded by Ann Lee (1736-1784). By the 1830s-1840s the movement entered the "Era of Manifestations" (also called "Mother Ann's Work"), a period of intense visionary activity beginning in 1837 and lasting through the 1850s. Young Shakers (especially girls aged 10-14) reportedly received revelations, danced ecstatically, drew visionary "gift drawings," and claimed angelic visitations.[14:1] [41]

Philemon Stewart, a Shaker "instrument" at the New Lebanon community, claimed angelic dictation of A Holy, Sacred and Divine Roll and Book, published in 1843. The book is approximately 400 pages, divided into "rolls" purporting to come from various angelic and divine sources.[14:2]

Fact 1: Different category of witness experience ​

The Shaker witnesses did not testify to physical handling of an artifact. They testified to a vision. The published Shaker witness testimony reads: "We, the undersigned, hereby testify, that we saw the holy Angel standing upon the house-top, as mentioned in the foregoing declaration, holding the Roll and Book."[5:1]

The Shaker witnesses are testifying to seeing an angel hold the book. They are not testifying to handling the book themselves. The Eight Witnesses' testimony — "we did handle with our hands... and we also saw the engravings thereon" — is a structurally different category of claim.[42] The Shaker testimony is parallel to the Three Witnesses' visionary testimony at most; it has no parallel to the Eight Witnesses' physical-handling testimony at all. The CES Letter flattens this distinction.

The book the Shaker witnesses claim to have seen is also not a translation from physical plates. It is a book purportedly dictated by an angelic instrument to Stewart — a revelation, not a translation. The CES Letter treats this as parallel to the Eleven Witnesses' testimony to a metal-plate translation, which it is not.

Fact 2: Shaker leadership de-emphasized the Sacred Roll ​

Within decades of its 1843 publication, the Sacred Roll was effectively de-canonized in Shaker practice. Stephen Stein's standard scholarly history The Shaker Experience in America (Yale UP, 1992) documents that the Era of Manifestations was "looked on with embarrassment" by Shaker leadership and that the Sacred Roll was withdrawn from active circulation and gradually marginalized.[14:3] The institutional response was gradual de-canonization rather than a single formal repudiation — but it was de-canonization nonetheless.[43]

Mark D. Thomas's peer-reviewed study in the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (accessed here secondarily through Sarah Allen's Part 53 summary) documents the Shaker Ministry's later determination that the Sacred Roll "did not represent a true revelation" (per Allen).[44] Sarah Allen documents the trajectory: at least one Shaker leader told a visiting journalist the Sacred Roll's "best use was to burn them"; the book "quickly faded into the background, becoming the province of historians rather than of the living, worshiping Shaker community."[45] Charles Nordhoff's 1875 record of that "burn them" line is one Shaker elder's view to a visitor, not an institutional declaration.[46] The Shaker Central Ministry "criticized [Stewart] for elevating his own role in the revelation" and "explicitly told Stewart they could not accept his counsel as divine guidance."[45:1] By the 1870s, the Sacred Roll had faded into irrelevance.

The contrast with the Book of Mormon is sharp. The Book of Mormon has not been de-canonized. The Eleven Witnesses' testimony has been printed in every edition since 1830. The Church has never withdrawn the testimony, never characterized the witnesses as embarrassments, never told members the witness statements should not be read.

Fact 3: Stewart marginalized ​

Philemon Stewart was the Shaker "instrument" who claimed the angelic dictation. He was later marginalized by the Shaker Ministry; leadership directed him to "cease writing anything more... in the line of Inspiration."[45:2] Joseph Smith's prophetic role was not analogously marginalized by the institution he founded. He was killed at Carthage in 1844, but the Church he founded did not "cease writing anything more" — it continued to publish, expand, and reaffirm.

Key Point

The CES Letter's Shaker comparator requires the Sacred Roll witnesses and the Book of Mormon witnesses to sit on the same evidential footing. They do not. The Shaker witnesses described visions of an angel holding a book; the Eight Witnesses described holding the book themselves. The Shaker leadership effectively de-canonized the Sacred Roll in practice within decades; the Book of Mormon has been continuously reaffirmed for 195 years.

The Clark Braden Martin Harris quote ​

The marquee Shaker citation in the CES Letter is Clark Braden's 1884 claim that "Harris declared repeatedly that he had as much evidence for a Shaker book he had as for the Book of Mormon."[5:2] The quote requires careful provenance analysis.

Clark Braden was a Disciples of Christ minister. The Braden-Kelly Debate (1884) was a public debate between Braden and RLDS apostle Edmund L. Kelley. The debate occurred nine years after Harris's July 10, 1875 death. Braden's claim is hostile-source thirdhand hearsay reported nearly a decade after Harris's death.[47]

Even if the report is accurate, it has to be read against fifty years of Harris's contemporaneous statements during his Shaker investigation period:

  • Edward Bunker, 1844: Bunker visited Harris and heard him "bear his testimony to the truth of the Book of Mormon."[48]
  • Jeremiah Cooper, 1845: Cooper reported Harris "bore testimony to the truth of the Book of Mormon."[48:1]
  • November 1850 journal entry: Harris said he "was one of the 3 Witnesses to the Book of Mormon and said he knew it was true, for he saw the plates."[48:2]
  • Thomas Colburn, 1855: Harris on Shakerism: "he tried the Shakers, but that would not do."[49]

By 1855, Harris had explicitly rejected Shakerism. By 1870, Harris returned to the LDS Church and was rebaptized at age 87. By his July 1875 deathbed, multi-source accounts (Pilkington 1934, Godfrey, Homer, Harris's son) record Harris reaffirming the Book of Mormon. The Braden quote — even if real — describes a brief mid-1840s investigation period that Harris explicitly closed by 1855. It does not describe a settled view.

For the full Harris-and-Shakers analysis, see Credibility Concerns.

Peterson's framework: articulation vs. features ​

The faithful response should not consist of "but these other cases are different" — that would be question-begging. The response has to demonstrate, on the basis of contemporaneous primary-source evidence, that the framework that grounds the BoM-witnesses claim has internal features distinguishing it from the Strang/Shaker corpora. And it has to handle the steelman challenge honestly: the framework's modern apologetic articulation is post-Strang.

Daniel C. Peterson's foundational scholarly statement of the structural-asymmetry argument is his 2006 FAIR Conference address, "Tangible Restoration: The Witnesses and What They Experienced."[50] Peterson's framework runs along five elements:

  1. Physical artifact — a specific physical object whose dimensions, weight, and material properties multiple witnesses described consistently.
  2. Content complexity — internal properties of the translated text (length, narrative complexity, multi-author voice differences, ancient parallels) that the Voree Plates' translation lacks.
  3. Witness diversity — eleven witnesses of different ages, backgrounds, and (after 1838) institutional loyalties.
  4. Lifetime affirmation — fifty years of post-1838 public reaffirmation against the Strangite witnesses' post-departure silence and three reported insider fabrication confessions.
  5. Institutional persistence — 195 years of continuous canonization against the Strangite collapse of 1856 and the Shaker Sacred Roll's de-canonization.

A skeptic will reasonably press: this five-element framework is not what Joseph and Cowdery articulated in 1830. It looks like a response to the Strang/Shaker symmetry challenge — Anderson's foundational Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses came in 1981, Peterson's "Tangible Restoration" in 2006, more than a century after Strang. The honest answer requires distinguishing framework articulation from framework features.[51]

The articulation of the framework into a five-element structure is admittedly modern. Joseph and Cowdery did not, in 1830, declare that "the proof this is genuine is that the plates are 40-60 pounds and the text contains chiasmus and the institutional outcome will be successful." The Eight Witnesses' 1830 statement is brief; it specifies physical handling but does not tabulate dimensions, content properties, or institutional projections. The framework as a structured analytical packaging of multiple features is the work of modern scholarship — Anderson 1981, Peterson 2006, Welch's translation-timing studies, Skousen's textual-critical work. The steelman version of the parallel argument has real force on the articulation point.

The features the framework points to, by contrast, are documented in 1829-1888 contemporaneous evidence:

  • The Book of Mormon plates' weight and dimensions were described by the Eight Witnesses in 1830 ("we did handle with our hands"), by household witnesses in the late 1820s and 1830s, by William Smith ("60 pounds"), by John Whitmer ("8 by 6 or 7 inches" with three D-shaped rings), and by Emma Smith (the "rustle with a metallic sound" of leaves under her hand).[52] [53]
  • The translation timeline is established by contemporaneous 1829 letters, the Cowdery-Smith correspondence, Emma's continuity-of-dictation account, and the original manuscript itself.[17:1]
  • The 270,000-word content existed by 1830 publication.
  • The witnesses' diversity of post-1838 institutional loyalty is documented across 1838-1888 in primary sources (Whitmer never returned; Cowdery returned in 1848; Harris returned in 1870).[28:1] [24:1]

Modern scholarship is articulating the framework that organizes this contemporaneous evidence into selection criteria. It is not inventing the evidence. The 270,000 words existed in 1830 whether anyone used them as a selection criterion. The witnesses reaffirmed across fifty years whether anyone in 1830 anticipated they would. The features run through the contemporaneous record.

The Strang case can then be evaluated against those features and found wanting on every dimension: the translation produced 200 words of generic poetry plus 320 pages of biblical-commandment expansion over a decade; the witnesses went silent post-departure; three insider sources reported fabrication; the Sacred Roll was de-canonized in Shaker practice; the Strangite movement collapsed within months of Strang's death.[50:1] [54]

Peterson elementBook of MormonVoree PlatesBook of the LawShaker Sacred Roll
Physical artifact~6×8×4-6 inches, 40-60 lbs, hundreds of pages, gold-colored alloy~2.5×1.25-1.5 inches, sheet-thin, 3 plates, brass~7⅜×9 inches, ~6 lbs, 18 plates, brassNo physical artifact; vision of angel holding book
Content complexity~270,000 words, multi-author, chiastic, ancient names, Hebraisms, no naturalistic explanation~200-250 words, generic religious poetry~80 pages (1851); ~320 pages (1856), biblical commandment expansionDirect revelation, ~400 pages
Witness diversity11 named, 3+8 split, dual visionary/physical, household corroboration4 + 7 = 11 named, all physical-only, mostly inner circle(same — same 11 figures)60+ signatures, mostly young women, tight communal context
Lifetime affirmation26+ documented reaffirmations across 50 years; 0 recantations; 0 fabrication-confession reportsNo documented first-hand post-departure reaffirmations; 1 insider fabrication-confession line (Barnes via Scott)Post-departure silence; 2 insider fabrication-confession lines (Graham via Loomis; Bacon via Loomis + Post)Mixed; institutional de-canonization by Shaker Ministry
Institutional persistence~17M members; 195 years; continuous canonization~50-300 members; effective collapse 1856(same — same movement)De-canonized in Shaker practice; "best use was to burn them"; Stewart marginalized

Engaging the steelman ​

The CES Letter's parallel argument is rhetorically reductive. The serious academic version (Foster, Stein, Vogel, Palmer) is stronger and engages structural features the CES Letter elides. The faithful response engages the strongest version, not just the weakest.

The framework's application differs by case ​

Every religious tradition has some witness corpus, and the cumulative-witness framework grounds many of them — Catholic Marian apparitions, Pentecostal experience, Shakers, Strangites, and others. The framework cannot privilege the BoM witnesses by mere assertion. Its application differs by case: Catholic Marian apparitions are typically individual visionary experiences (sequential, not corporate); Pentecostal experience is typically interior and not anchored to a specific physical artifact. The Book of Mormon witnesses are testifying to a specific physical artifact examined by multiple people at known times and places, with both visionary (Three) and physical-handling (Eight) categories represented. The framework privileges the BoM witnesses by the empirical features Peterson catalogs — features detectable in the contemporaneous primary-source evidence, not retrospectively constructed. The Light of Christ doctrine explicitly predicts genuine spiritual experience across traditions; for the broader question, see Competing Spiritual Claims.

"Two hands and two eyes" rhetoric is shared ​

The faithful response often invokes Hyrum Smith's 1838 letter to Sally Parker — "He said he had but two hands and two eyes. He said he had seen the plates with his eyes and handled them with his hands" — as evidence the BoM witness experience was physical, not visionary.[55] The skeptic notes that similar language exists in the Strangite corpus: "We examined them with our eyes, and handled them with our hands."[8:2] If physical-handling rhetoric grounds belief, the same rhetoric in Strang's witnesses should ground belief equally.

The honest concession: witness testimony alone — the rhetoric of physical handling — cannot select between "Joseph's plates were genuine ancient artifacts" and "Strang's plates were modern forgeries by Strang and Barnes." The selection runs through what the witnesses are testifying about: content (270,000 words of complex narrative vs. 200 words of generic poetry vs. 320 pages of commandment expansion), translation timeline (65 days vs. five-to-ten years), the translation instruments themselves (Nephite interpreters and the seer stone, distinct from Strang's bare "Urim and Thummim" claim), post-departure trajectory (50-year reaffirmation vs. silence and reported fabrication), and institutional outcome (continuous canonization vs. effective collapse and de-canonization). The witnesses' "two hands and two eyes" language is one piece of a larger evidentiary structure. The Strang parallel works only if you treat the witness language as standalone evidence. It is not.

The CES Letter is weaker than the academic version ​

Lawrence Foster's Women, Family, and Utopia (Syracuse UP, 1991) includes a dedicated chapter, "James J. Strang: The Prophet Who Failed."[56] Foster treats Strang seriously without reducing Joseph to the same. Dan Vogel's Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet (Signature Books, 2004) treats both as 19th-century prophet-figures via psychobiographical analysis; Vogel's "pious fraud" thesis is engaged in Credibility Concerns. Stephen Stein's analysis of the Sacred Roll engages the Shaker leadership's later distancing without concluding the Sacred Roll was fabricated; he treats it as a genuine product of communal religious enthusiasm later renarrated by the institution.[14:4]

The CES Letter's specific weaknesses, beyond what even the steelman version concedes: it doesn't engage the Voree Plates' actual content; doesn't engage the post-departure-silence pattern; conflates "investigated and withdrew" with "endorsed, joined, and sustained" for the Whitmers and Harris; rests its "every Smith family member" claim on Katharine Salisbury's denied-forgery letter; doesn't engage the Letter of Appointment question; doesn't engage the Shaker leadership's later effective de-canonization; and treats the Clark Braden 1884 quote as Harris's settled view rather than third-hand hostile-source reporting nine years after his death. The structural features that distinguish the BoM-witnesses corpus survive the academic engagement. The CES Letter's surface-parallel framing does not.

The Book of Mormon as anchor ​

Strang's witnesses are testifying about three small brass plates that produced 200 words of generic religious poetry, plus eighteen plates that produced an 80-page volume in 1851 (320 pages by 1856) over a decade of translation work. The Eleven Book of Mormon witnesses are testifying about a metal volume that produced 270,000 words of internally complex multi-author scripture in 65 working days, with no whistleblower across 195 years of continuous publication, and a textual structure that has resisted naturalistic explanation for two centuries.[17:2] [19:1]

The witnesses are testifying about an artifact whose own properties give the testimony a target the witnesses' character does not have to carry alone. If the Book of Mormon had no internal complexity, no scholarly engagement, and no testable properties, the witnesses' character would be the only support — and the Strang parallel would have more purchase. The Book of Mormon does have those properties. Its existence and structure are independent evidence the parallel argument must accommodate. That existence is what stands firm when the comparative questions get hard: a 270,000-word coherent text, dictated in roughly two months by an unschooled farmer, witnessed by people who maintained their accounts through five decades of public scrutiny, with no successful naturalistic explanation in two centuries of looking. The Strang parallel asks the reader to set that aside. The evidence asks the reader not to.

Bottom-line assessment ​

The CES Letter's Strang/Shaker comparison is the most rhetorically structured argument in the Witnesses section. It frames a parallel: Joseph had witnesses, Strang had witnesses, Shakers had witnesses, therefore witnesses prove nothing. Surface parallels exist. The CES Letter's specific factual claims are partially accurate. What the framing requires is structural equivalence — and structural equivalence does not hold.

The translation comparison is the most testable feature: 270,000 words of complex multi-author narrative in 65 working days, against 200 words of generic poetry and 320 pages of commandment expansion over a decade. The internal-fabrication evidence is asymmetric in number and source independence — three insider source-lines on the Strang side (Barnes via Scott; Graham via Loomis; Bacon via Loomis and the contemporaneous Warren Post 1855 council action), against zero comparable lines across the eleven Book of Mormon witnesses over fifty years. The post-departure trajectories are sharply different: Strangite witnesses produced no documented first-hand reaffirmations after departure; BoM witnesses produced 26+ documented reaffirmations across 1838-1888. The Letter of Appointment is forensically compromised. The CES Letter's specific factual claims about the Smith family's endorsement and the Book of Mormon witnesses' Strangite sympathies are wrong on multiple specifics. And the Shaker comparator runs against the parallel argument: the Sacred Roll was effectively de-canonized in Shaker practice within decades, while the Book of Mormon has been continuously canonized for 195 years.

When the comparison is run rigorously rather than rhetorically, the structural details point the other way from the CES Letter's reading. The parallel works at the surface. Beneath the surface, the data is asymmetric on every dimension where comparison is possible — and the Book of Mormon itself, the artifact the witnesses were testifying about, remains the most concrete evidence the comparison has to accommodate.

Further Reading

  • Daniel C. Peterson, "Tangible Restoration: The Witnesses and What They Experienced," 2006 FAIR Conference — foundational scholarly statement of the structural-asymmetry framework
  • Daniel C. Peterson, "Defending the Faith: The Story Behind James Strang and His Sect," Deseret News, June 9, 2011 — accessible essay rehearsing the structural-asymmetry argument
  • Sarah Allen, "The CES Letter Rebuttal — Part 50," "Part 52," "Part 53," FAIR Blog (2022) — the most thorough recent apologetic engagement
  • Vickie Cleverly Speek, "God Has Made Us a Kingdom": James Strang and the Midwest Mormons (Signature Books, 2006) — standard contemporary social/family history
  • Roger Van Noord, King of Beaver Island: The Life and Assassination of James Jesse Strang (University of Illinois Press, 1988) and Assassination of a Michigan King (University of Michigan Press, 1997) — standard scholarly biographies
  • Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers (Yale UP, 1992) — standard scholarly history of the Shakers
  • Lawrence Foster, Women, Family, and Utopia (Syracuse UP, 1991) — comparative framework with "James J. Strang: The Prophet Who Failed" chapter
  • D. Michael Quinn, "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844," BYU Studies 16/2 (1976) — standard peer-reviewed scholarly treatment
  • FAIR, "James Strang movement" — master apologetic page with primary-source citations
  • Witnesses of the Book of Mormon — Insights Episode 11 (Dirkmaat on the Voree Plates) and Episode 26 (Peterson on Strang's Witnesses)

  1. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," p. 95. ↩︎

  2. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," p. 99. ↩︎

  3. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," p. 99. ↩︎

  4. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," "Problems" 6, p. 103. ↩︎

  5. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," "Problems" 7, pp. 103-104, citing A Holy, Sacred and Divine Roll and Book, p. 304, and The Braden and Kelly Debate, p. 173. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. "James Strang," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strang. Documents Nauvoo conversion February 1844; Voree 1844-1848; Beaver Island 1848-1856; assassination June 16, 1856 (died July 9 at age 43); peak ~12,000 adherents; July 5, 1856 forced eviction of ~2,600 Strangites. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," pp. 96-98, quoting the four-witness affidavit to the Voree Plates dated September 13, 1845. ↩︎

  8. Runnells, CES Letter (2017), "Witnesses," p. 96, quoting the seven-witness statement to The Book of the Law of the Lord. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  9. "Book of the Law of the Lord," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord. Eighteen brass plates, ~7⅜ x 9 inches, ~6 lbs; seven witnesses (Graham, Bacon, Post, Wright, Hosmer, Page, Savage); 1851 (80 pp) and 1856 (320 pp) editions; "none of them is known to have ever denied their testimony as given in the Book of the Law." ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  10. John Hamer, "The Miraculous Plates of Voree Examined," By Common Consent, June 23, 2008. LDS-faithful blog post providing detailed comparison; documents Aaron Smith's continued affirmation of the plates after renouncing Strang. ↩︎ ↩︎

  11. Saints Unscripted, "Who Supported James Strang... Really?" Documents that only 5 of 11 BoM witnesses were alive when Strang appeared, Cowdery never followed Strang, the Whitmer/Harris flirtations were brief, Emma Smith resisted Strang, and Katharine Smith Salisbury denied her purported signature as a forgery. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  12. "Voree plates," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voree_plates. Documents the plates' physical character (three brass plates, ~2.5 x 1.25-1.5 inches; ~200-word translation as "The Record of Rajah Manchou of Vorito"; discovered Sept. 13, 1845) and Sholes's Southport Telegraph assessment ("offered no opinion on the plates" but described Strang as "honest and earnest"). ↩︎ ↩︎

  13. "James Strang movement," FAIR. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/James_Strang_movement. Compiles the Barnes/Scott, Graham/Loomis, Bacon ceiling-fragments, and Stephen Post primary-source material; documents that "most of the four" Voree witnesses eventually broke with Strang. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  14. Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300057393/the-shaker-experience-in-america/. Standard scholarly history; documents the Era of Manifestations (1837-1850) and the Sacred Roll period as later "looked on with embarrassment" by Shaker leadership. Stein characterizes the institutional response as gradual de-canonization rather than a single formal repudiation. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  15. "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite). Headquartered in Voree, WI; current active membership 50-300 worldwide; most post-1856 Strangites joined the Reorganized Church. ↩︎ ↩︎

  16. The Voree Plates: The Record of Rajah Manchou of Vorito (public domain), via OpenScriptures: https://openscriptures.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Voree-Plates.pdf. Strang's full published "translation" — approximately 200-250 words. ↩︎ ↩︎

  17. John W. Welch, "Timing the Translation of the Book of Mormon: 'Days [and Hours] Never to Be Forgotten,'" BYU Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2018): 10-50. Welch documents the ~65 working day translation window (April-June 1829) for the surviving ~270,000-word Book of Mormon manuscript; the 1828 work with Harris on the lost 116 pages is treated separately in the literature. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  18. John W. Welch, "Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon," BYU Studies 10, no. 1 (1969). The foundational treatment of Hebraic chiastic structure in the Book of Mormon, including Alma 36. ↩︎

  19. Royal Skousen, Book of Mormon Critical Text Project (FARMS / Interpreter Foundation, 2001-2025). Multi-volume critical text edition documenting the dictation pattern, original manuscript features, and textual integrity. ↩︎ ↩︎

  20. Warren P. Aston, Lehi and Sariah in Arabia: The Old World Setting of the Book of Mormon (Bountiful: Xlibris, 2015); Pearl of Great Price Central / Evidence Central entries on Nahom (NHM) altar inscriptions from the Bar'an temple, Marib, Yemen. ↩︎

  21. Isaac Scott, letter to Joseph Smith III, The Saints' Herald 35 (December 29, 1888): 831-32. The Caleb Barnes confession is reported through Scott — an RLDS-affiliated ex-Strangite by the time of the letter, 32 years after Strang's death. Cited and excerpted in FAIR's master Strang page; Daniel C. Peterson, "Defending the Faith: The Story Behind James Strang and His Sect," Deseret News, June 9, 2011. ↩︎

  22. Sarah Allen, "The CES Letter Rebuttal — Part 50," FAIR Blog (March 2, 2022). Documents the Voree Plates fabrication chain; Strangite witnesses' post-departure silence ("they all abruptly stopped testifying of Strang's plates"); current ~300 Strangite members. Concedes the secondhand status of the Scott letter: "This is a secondhand account from 1888, 32 years after Strang's death... I am not stating it as settled fact." ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  23. Chauncy Loomis, letter to Joseph Smith III, "Experience on Beaver Island with James J. Strang," The Saints' Herald (November 10, 1888): 718-719. Loomis reports Graham's beeswax-and-pen-knife confession and Bacon's discovery of plate fragments behind Strang's ceiling. Loomis was an ex-Strangite writing in the RLDS publication 32 years after Strang's death. ↩︎ ↩︎

  24. David Whitmer, quoted in Richard Lloyd Anderson, Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1981), 62. Cowdery died March 3, 1850, in Whitmer's home in Richmond, Missouri. "Oliver never wavered in his testimony, and when he was on his death bed, I was there, with many of his friends, until he passed away. He bore the same testimony on his dying bed that he had always borne through life." ↩︎ ↩︎

  25. Warren Post journal record of the 1855 Strangite council that stripped Samuel P. Bacon of his office after Bacon "denied the work being done was the inspiration of God" and called it "human invention." Discussed in FAIR's master Strang page and Saints Unscripted's "Did James Strang's Witnesses Deny Their Testimonies?"; also referenced in Daniel C. Peterson's broader treatment of the Strang witness corpus. ↩︎

  26. Saints Unscripted, "Did James Strang's Witnesses Deny Their Testimonies?" Documents the Warren Post 1855 council action and the broader internal-Strangite confession chain. ↩︎

  27. The Strangite confessions are not materially better-evidenced than the BoM reaffirmation chain on a pure documentary-immediacy metric — most of the Strang confession reports are hearsay carried through ex-Strangite intermediaries decades after the events, and the same evidentiary standard applied symmetrically to the Book of Mormon corpus would dismiss large portions of the BoM-witness reaffirmation chain (Pilkington's 1934 affidavit on Harris's 1875 deathbed recorded 59 years after death, Reuben Miller's 1848 record of Cowdery's Kanesville reaffirmation, Whitmer's 1861 graveside report). The article concedes this. The asymmetry the article actually wants to draw is one of number, content, and source independence — not of documentary-immediacy. ↩︎

  28. David Whitmer, An Address to All Believers in Christ (Richmond, MO: 1887), pp. 8-9. The 75-page document is a sustained criticism of the Utah Church's later doctrinal developments, but on the Book of Mormon affirmation it is unequivocal: "I have never at any time denied that testimony or any part thereof." Cross-referenced in Credibility Concerns. ↩︎ ↩︎

  29. Sarah Allen, "The CES Letter Rebuttal — Part 52," FAIR Blog (March 10, 2022). Documents Strangite witness biographies and the post-departure silence pattern; notes that Strang married one of Phineas Wright's daughters four years after Wright signed the Book of the Law witness statement (making Strang the son-in-law). ↩︎

  30. Oliver Cowdery's rejection of Strang is documented in multiple sources. Cowdery publicly called Strang "a wicked man" and was rebaptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1848, two years before his death. See Larry E. Morris, "The Private Character of the Man Who Bore That Testimony: Oliver Cowdery and His Critics," FARMS Review 15, no. 1 (2003). ↩︎

  31. Robin Scott Jensen, "A Witness in England: Martin Harris and the Strangite Mission," BYU Studies 44, no. 3 (2005): 79-98. Documents Harris's England trip with Strang (October-November 1846), the Birmingham/Manchester/Liverpool Book of Mormon affirmations ("I know more about that book than any man living"), Lester Brooks's decision to send Harris home, and the broader pattern of Harris affirming the Book of Mormon while refusing to preach Strangism. ↩︎

  32. Katharine Smith Salisbury sworn denial of her purported signature on the William Smith-published 1846 Voree Herald endorsement letter, discussed in Sarah Allen, "Part 50": "I never signed my name to such certificate or document; neither did I give my consent for anyone to sign it." ↩︎

  33. "Joseph Smith, attributed, Letter of Appointment, 1844 June 18," Yale Beinecke Library (catalog WA MSS 447). https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/archival_objects/3166399. ↩︎

  34. Miles Harvey, "The Forged Letter that Began a Mormon Succession Crisis," Literary Hub. Documents the all-caps print lettering, the signature mismatch ("bears no slightest resemblance" to Joseph's known hand), the two-paper-stocks anomaly (contested by Strangite apologists), the postal-records corroboration of the envelope, and Strang's prior postmaster experience. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  35. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) — "James J. Strang Legal Successor." https://www.ldsstrangite.com/james-j-strang-legal-successor.html. The surviving Strangite community's case for the Letter of Appointment's authenticity; included as a steelmanning resource and as documentation of the contested-paper-stocks counter-claim. ↩︎ ↩︎

  36. "Letter of appointment (Mormonism)," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_appointment_(Mormonism). Letter dated June 18, 1844; original at Yale Beinecke Library; 1956 Tyrell-and-Doud handwriting analysis; written in all-capital print uncharacteristic of Joseph Smith; signature disputed by multiple analyses. ↩︎

  37. Roger Van Noord, King of Beaver Island: The Life and Assassination of James Jesse Strang (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988). Internet Archive copy: https://archive.org/details/kingofbeaverisla0000vann. Van Noord concludes "it is probable that Strang — or someone under his direction — manufactured the letter of appointment and the brass plates." See also Van Noord's revised paperback: Assassination of a Michigan King: The Life of James Jesse Strang (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). ↩︎

  38. D. Michael Quinn, "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844," BYU Studies 16, no. 2 (Winter 1976): 187-233. https://mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/JS0324.pdf. Standard peer-reviewed scholarly treatment of the 1844 succession crisis; documents the rapid collapse of the Strang challenge. ↩︎

  39. Vickie Cleverly Speek, "God Has Made Us a Kingdom": James Strang and the Midwest Mormons (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2006). https://www.signaturebooks.com/books/p/god-has-made-us-a-kingdom. Standard contemporary social/family history of Strang's movement; Beaver Island polygamy and consecration system; post-Strang Strangite decline. ↩︎

  40. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reports approximately 17.2 million members worldwide as of 2024, with the Book of Mormon translated in whole or in part into more than 110 languages and distributed in over 100 million printed copies across all editions since 1830. See Church Newsroom statistics on Book of Mormon distribution and Church membership. ↩︎

  41. Edward Deming Andrews, The People Called Shakers: A Search for the Perfect Society (Oxford UP, 1953; Dover paperback). https://archive.org/details/peoplecalledshak0000andr_y8f4. Standard pre-Stein reference history of the Shakers; documents the Era of Manifestations and the Sacred Roll. ↩︎

  42. "The Testimony of Eight Witnesses," published in every edition of the Book of Mormon since 1830. The 1830 statement: "Joseph Smith, Jun., the Author and Proprietor of this work, has shown unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship." ↩︎

  43. The Shaker case is not parallel to the Roman Catholic Church declaring a Marian apparition non-credible — there was no single formal repudiation, and "de-canonization" here means a gradual process: leadership stopped using the Sacred Roll in worship, withdrew it from circulation, and marginalized its principal author over the decades following 1843. Even under that softer description, the Shaker institutional trajectory toward the Sacred Roll is sharply different from the LDS institutional trajectory toward the Book of Mormon, which has been continuously canonized, distributed, and reaffirmed. ↩︎

  44. Mark D. Thomas, "Inspiration, Revelation, and Scripture: The Story of a Shaker Bible," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. https://americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44539469.pdf. Peer-reviewed study of Stewart's 1843 Sacred Roll; documents the Ministry's later "did not represent a true revelation" determination. Accessed secondarily through Sarah Allen's Part 53 summary. ↩︎

  45. Sarah Allen, "The CES Letter Rebuttal — Part 53," FAIR Blog (March 16, 2022). Documents the Shaker leadership's later effective de-canonization of the Sacred Roll; "best use was to burn them"; the book "faded into the background"; Stewart marginalized and told to cease writing "in the line of Inspiration"; Mark D. Thomas's AAS Proceedings on the Ministry's "did not represent a true revelation" determination. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  46. Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1875). Records a Shaker elder's report to Nordhoff (one Shaker leader's view to a visiting journalist, not an institution-wide declaration) that the Sacred Roll's "best use was to burn them." Cited in Sarah Allen's "Part 53." ↩︎

  47. Clark Braden, Public Discussion of the Issues Between the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Church of Christ (Disciples), Held in Kirtland, Ohio (St. Louis: Christian Publishing Co., 1884), p. 173. The debate occurred nine years after Harris's July 10, 1875 death; Braden's claim is hostile-source thirdhand hearsay. ↩︎

  48. FAIR — "Question: Does Martin Harris's involvement with the Shakers undercut his testimony?" Documents the Edward Bunker 1844 testimony, the Jeremiah Cooper 1845 testimony, and the November 1850 journal entry — all establishing Harris's contemporaneous Book of Mormon affirmation during his Shaker investigation period. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  49. Thomas Colburn, "From the Western States," St. Louis Luminary 1 (May 5, 1855): 102. Colburn recorded Harris on Shakerism: "he tried the Shakers, but that would not do." Cited in Anderson, Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses (1981), and Black/Porter, Martin Harris (2018). ↩︎

  50. Daniel C. Peterson, "Tangible Restoration: The Witnesses and What They Experienced," 2006 FAIR Conference. https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/2006-Daniel-Peterson.pdf. Foundational scholarly statement of the structural-asymmetry framework. Concludes "forgery is the virtually certain explanation" for the Strang plates. ↩︎ ↩︎

  51. The 137-162 year gap between Strang's challenge (1844-45) and Anderson's Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses (1981) / Peterson's "Tangible Restoration" (2006) raises a legitimate question: did the framework get retrofitted to defeat a challenge the original three-element framework (witnesses + plates + non-recantation) couldn't handle? The honest answer requires distinguishing the articulation of the framework into its modern five-element structure (which is post-Strang) from the features the framework points to (which are documented in contemporaneous 1829-1888 primary sources). Modern scholarship organizes contemporaneous evidence into selection criteria; it does not invent the evidence. ↩︎

  52. Steven C. Harper, "The Eleven Witnesses," in The Coming Forth of the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, 2015), 117-132. Documents William Smith's 60-pound estimate and the dimensions and ring configurations consistently described by Eight Witnesses' accounts. ↩︎

  53. P. Wilhelm Poulson, interview with John Whitmer, July 1878, Deseret Evening News, August 6, 1878. Whitmer described the Book of Mormon plates as "8 by 6 or 7 inches," "very heavy," with "three rings, each one in the shape of a D"; "as material as anything can be." ↩︎

  54. Daniel C. Peterson, "Defending the Faith: The Story Behind James Strang and His Sect," Deseret News, June 9, 2011. Peterson rehearses the asymmetry: Strang's translation spanned the better part of a decade against Joseph's roughly two-month dictation timeline; names Bacon's "human invention" denouncement and Graham's reported confession to fabricating the "Plates of Laban." ↩︎

  55. Hyrum Smith to Sally Parker, 1838: "He said he had but two hands and two eyes. He said he had seen the plates with his eyes and handled them with his hands." Cited in Steven C. Harper, "The Eleven Witnesses" (RSC 2015) and discussed in Credibility Concerns. ↩︎

  56. Lawrence Foster, Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons (Syracuse UP, 1991). https://archive.org/details/womenfamilyutopi0000fost. Includes a dedicated chapter, "James J. Strang: The Prophet Who Failed." ↩︎

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